MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for Valeric acid (MMDBc0000165)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:38:15 UTC

Update Date

2024-09-28 01:29:00 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000165

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Valeric acid

Description

Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low molecular weight carboxylic acids, it has a very unpleasant odor. Valeric acid is commonly found in human feces, with an average concentration of 2.4 umol/g feces (range of 0.6-3.8 umol/g) (PMID: 6740214 ). Valeric acid is a produced by the gut microbiota, typically Clostridia species and other gut bacterial species such as Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 (PMID: 30052654 ) via the condensation of ethanol with propionic acid (PMID: 18116989 ). Valeric acid is largely considered as a gut microbial metabolite. Recently, valeric acid has been found to exert strong gut protective effects. Studies involving mice that received high doses of radiation showed that valeric acid replenishment (via oral gavage) elevated the survival rate of irradiated mice, protected hematogenic organs (such as the thymus and spleen), improved gastrointestinal (GI) tract function and enhanced intestinal epithelial integrity (PMID: 31931652 ). Valeric acid was also found to restore the enteric bacteria taxonomic proportions and reprogram the small intestinal protein profile to normal levels. Valeric acid, like butyric acid, also appears to be a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. High levels of HDAC proteins have been implicated in a variety of disease pathologies, from cancer and colitis to cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration (PMID: 30052654 ). Valeric acid is also found in certain plants, specifically in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name. Industrially valeric acid is primarily used is in the synthesis of its esters. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavours. Hydrolysis of these valerate-containing food additives in the gut can also lead to the appearance of valerate in blood, urine and stool samples.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
1-Butanecarboxylic acid	ChEBI
CH3-[CH2]3-COOH	ChEBI
N-BuCOOH	ChEBI
N-Pentanoate	ChEBI
N-Pentanoic acid	ChEBI
N-Valeric acid	ChEBI
Pentanoate	ChEBI
Pentanoic acid	ChEBI
Pentoic acid	ChEBI
Propylacetic acid	ChEBI
Valerate	ChEBI
Valerianic acid	ChEBI
Valeriansaeure	ChEBI
Valeric acid, normal	ChEBI
1-Butanecarboxylate	Generator
N-Valerate	Generator
Pentoate	Generator
Propylacetate	Generator
Valerianate	Generator
Valerate, normal	Generator
1-Pentanoate	HMDB
1-Pentanoic acid	HMDB
Butanecarboxylate	HMDB
Butanecarboxylic acid	HMDB
Kyselina valerova	HMDB
N-C4H9COOH	HMDB
Valeriansaure	HMDB
Valeric acid normal	HMDB
N-Pentanoic acid, ammonium salt	HMDB
N-Pentanoic acid, potassium salt	HMDB
N-Pentanoic acid, sodium salt	HMDB
N-Pentanoic acid, zinc salt	HMDB
N-Pentanoic acid, maganese (+2) salt	HMDB
N-Pentanoic acid, 11C-labeled	HMDB
Lithium pentanoate	HMDB
N-Pentanoic acid, 11C-labeled sodium salt	HMDB
Valeric acid	KEGG

Molecular Formula

C₅H₁₀O₂

Average Mass

102.1317

Monoisotopic Mass

102.068079564

IUPAC Name

pentanoic acid

Traditional Name

N-valeric acid

CAS Registry Number

109-52-4

SMILES

CCCCC(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C5H10O2/c1-2-3-4-5(6)7/h2-4H2,1H3,(H,6,7)

InChI Key

NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as straight chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with a straight aliphatic chain.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Fatty Acyls

Sub Class

Fatty acids and conjugates

Direct Parent

Straight chain fatty acids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Straight chain fatty acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid derivative
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

straight-chain saturated fatty acid (CHEBI:17418 )
short-chain fatty acid (CHEBI:17418 )
Straight chain fatty acids (C00803 )
Saturated fatty acids (C00803 )
Straight chain fatty acids (LMFA01010005 )

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	40.3 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	1.34	ALOGPS
logP	1.37	ChemAxon
logS	-0.4	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	5.01	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	37.3 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	26.47 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	11.23 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-03fr-9000000000-5ef705125c3c70ad3df3	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-03di-9000000000-2160417549a364f722df	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-03fr-9000000000-5ef705125c3c70ad3df3	2018-05-18	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-03di-9000000000-2160417549a364f722df	2018-05-18	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-004l-9000000000-317b810c8d610eaf0188	2016-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-05dr-9200000000-cfee4e723931c0c4882e	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0kdi-9200000000-68de4edfab1763d25290	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0006-9000000000-5807dc032b484168ad7f	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0006-9000000000-6815adcb2b82e3f1f29f	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive	splash10-03fr-9000000000-5ef705125c3c70ad3df3	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positive	splash10-03di-9000000000-90144d1440b06340fe7e	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-99bad9fba8cf3bc081e3	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-95b1b8722cad92c490e7	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-0udi-2900000000-d6ebac4ebed40b98b291	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-0udi-9000000000-94459eb26bcb7c315bcd	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-e212c5cbe08c4eb40b95	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-99bad9fba8cf3bc081e3	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-95b1b8722cad92c490e7	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0udi-2900000000-d6ebac4ebed40b98b291	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0udi-9000000000-94459eb26bcb7c315bcd	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-e212c5cbe08c4eb40b95	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , negative	splash10-0udi-3900000000-dd2e8ada707700a86c15	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0udr-9700000000-3b6086e299b180404c66	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0a4u-9100000000-1c4280d0a9143e3d48d0	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-052f-9000000000-bc80b097ba0f51c3ca40	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0udi-2900000000-a4de42a48fe44ac339fa	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0zfr-9800000000-543e60b2b278c1d51c48	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4l-9000000000-6b15e313e3ee4ada68aa	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-001i-9100000000-e626913b2548db6c8608	2021-09-21	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-001i-9000000000-a5c7e6b5fe910559a628	2021-09-21	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-014i-9000000000-890b839f8e2f9ac3fd83	2021-09-21	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-03di-9000000000-9246123374d3104316a3	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 90 MHz, CDCl₃, experimental)		2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, CDCl₃, experimental)		2014-09-23	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)		2016-10-22	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)		2016-10-22	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-05	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Extracellular
Membrane

Biospecimen Locations

Bladder
Blood
Epidermis
Feces
Neuron
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Bladder
Epidermis
Neuron

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0192140	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1	Enzyme	P22309	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193962	Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM1, mitochondrial	Unknown	Q08AH1	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0195070	Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM6, mitochondrial	Unknown	Q6P461	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0195466	Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2A, mitochondrial	Unknown	Q08AH3	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0195467	Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial	Unknown	Q68CK6	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0195468	Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM3, mitochondrial	Unknown	Q53FZ2	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0195469	Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM5, mitochondrial	Unknown	Q6NUN0	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0195868	Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM4, mitochondrial	Unknown	P0C7M7	Homo sapiens

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Metabolic Reactions

Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Reaction Type	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0009155	Valeric acid	Pentanoyl-CoA	acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1		VMH	30371894
MMDBr0012698	Acetic acid	Valeric acid	Not Available		VMH	30371894

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
Celiac disease	Slight Increase	Association	Human Feces	HMDB	21970810
Eosinophilic esophagitis	Slight Increase	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria	Fibrobacteres	1		Microbial culture
Bacteria	Firmicutes	13	Human ; Human feces	Microbial culture; Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Bacteroidetes	3	Human feces; Human ; Human urine; Human stool; Human saliva	Microbial culture
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	5	Human	Microbial culture

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Source Sub-type	Species	Data Source	Reference
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Food			FooDB	31437929
Food			FooDB	31437929
Plant	Leaves	Laurus nobilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Apium graveolens var. dulce	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Plant	Mentha spicata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Sambucus nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Flower	Apium graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Essential oil	Ocimum basilicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Persea americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Leaves		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Leaves		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit juice	Vaccinium myrtillus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Capsicum annuum var. annuum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Leaves		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Seed	Theobroma cacao	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Ginkgo biloba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Vaccinium myrtillus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Leaves	Camellia sinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Prunus persica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit	Rubus idaeus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fruit juice	Vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified			0	661531.467	nmol/g wet feces	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Treated celiac disease	HMDB	21970810
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	2412				nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	26416813
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	3311				nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	26416813
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	4309				nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	26416813
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	>10				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	12097436
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified			0	391357.434	nmol/g wet feces	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	21970810
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.00	20			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24246267
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.00	20			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24246267
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.00	20			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24246267
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	10	20			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24246267
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	1250¬†	¬†520			nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	23997757
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	1433.443	873.382			nmol/g wet feces	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20669995
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified			190	2940	nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25479871
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	20	60			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24246267
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	2400		600	3800	nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	6740214
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	3306.907	1256.417			nmol/g wet feces	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	19573517
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	40	160			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24246267
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	50	150			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24246267
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.459	4.538			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.038	4.509			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.6		0.3	1.2	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	31.24	16.53			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-015-0840-5
Human Bladder	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Epidermis	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Neuron	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21389975
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	24421258
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	17314143
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18085514
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19167006
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	19573517
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	20055983
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20669995
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21280206
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21280206
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21280206
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21386183
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21386183
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	21494609
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21761941
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	23454028
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	23940645
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24029555
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25670064
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Infant (0-1 year old)	NULL	Normal	HMDB	24628373
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24130822
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	24628373
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	24628373
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24811995
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24922509
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27065191
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	27622378
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25037050
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	25985090
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	28587349
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057

External Links

HMDB ID

HMDB0000892

DrugBank ID

DB02406

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

KNApSAcK ID

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

Not Available

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Valeric acid

METLIN ID

110

PubChem Compound

7991

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

17418

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Saunders DM, Hunter JC, Shutt DA, O'Neill BJ: The effect of oestradiol valerate therapy on coagulation factors and lipid and oestrogen levels in oophorectomised women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1978 Aug;18(3):198-201. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.1978.tb00049.x. [PubMed:283783 ]
Nielsen FH, Honore E, Kristoffersen K, Secher NJ, Pedersen GT: Changes in serum lipids during treatment with norgestrel, oestradiol-valerate and cycloprogynon. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1977;56(4):367-70. doi: 10.3109/00016347709154994. [PubMed:602705 ]
Tauber VU: [Percutaneous absorption of diflucortolone valerate in guinea pigs and man (author's transl)]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26(7b):1479-84. [PubMed:1036943 ]
Tauber VU, Amin M, Fuchs P, Speck U: [Comparative studies in man on the percutaneous absorption of diflucortolone valerate, betamethasone-17-valerate, beclomethasone dipropionate and fluocinolone acetonide]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26(7b):1492-5. [PubMed:1036945 ]
Siddiqui O, Roberts MS, Polack AE: Percutaneous absorption of steroids: relative contributions of epidermal penetration and dermal clearance. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1989 Aug;17(4):405-24. doi: 10.1007/BF01061455. [PubMed:2614679 ]
Punnonen R, Lovgren T, Kouvonen I: Demonstration of estrogen receptors in the skin. J Endocrinol Invest. 1980 Jul-Sep;3(3):217-21. doi: 10.1007/BF03348266. [PubMed:7430556 ]
Vilska S, Punnonen R, Rauramo L: Long-term post-menopausal hormone therapy and serum HDL-C, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Maturitas. 1983 Aug;5(2):97-104. doi: 10.1016/0378-5122(83)90005-1. [PubMed:6415365 ]
Hoverstad T, Fausa O, Bjorneklett A, Bohmer T: Short-chain fatty acids in the normal human feces. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1984 May;19(3):375-81. [PubMed:6740214 ]
Kubota K, Maibach HI: In vitro percutaneous permeation of betamethasone and betamethasone 17-valerate. J Pharm Sci. 1993 Oct;82(10):1039-45. [PubMed:8254489 ]
Lotti M, Moretto A: Promotion of organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy by certain esterase inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact. 1999 May 14;119-120:519-24. doi: 10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00066-6. [PubMed:10421491 ]
Gysler A, Kleuser B, Sippl W, Lange K, Korting HC, Holtje HD, Korting HC: Skin penetration and metabolism of topical glucocorticoids in reconstructed epidermis and in excised human skin. Pharm Res. 1999 Sep;16(9):1386-91. doi: 10.1023/a:1018946924585. [PubMed:10496654 ]
Bottcher MF, Nordin EK, Sandin A, Midtvedt T, Bjorksten B: Microflora-associated characteristics in faeces from allergic and nonallergic infants. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Nov;30(11):1590-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00982.x. [PubMed:11069568 ]
Wilbur DS, Hamlin DK, Chyan MK, Kegley BB, Pathare PM: Biotin reagents for antibody pretargeting. 5. Additional studies of biotin conjugate design to provide biotinidase stability. Bioconjug Chem. 2001 Jul-Aug;12(4):616-23. doi: 10.1021/bc0100096. [PubMed:11459467 ]
Kuznetsov DD, Alsikafi NF, O'Connor RC, Steinberg GD: Intravesical valrubicin in the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001 Jun;2(6):1009-13. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2.6.1009. [PubMed:11585003 ]
Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. doi: 10.1177/154405910208100613. [PubMed:12097436 ]
Sudo S, Sudo M, Simons CT, Dessirier JM, Carstens E: Sensitization of trigeminal caudalis neuronal responses to intraoral acid and salt stimuli and desensitization by nicotine. Pain. 2002 Aug;98(3):277-286. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00025-8. [PubMed:12127029 ]
Jacob TJ, Fraser C, Wang L, Walker V, O'Connor S: Psychophysical evaluation of responses to pleasant and mal-odour stimulation in human subjects; adaptation, dose response and gender differences. Int J Psychophysiol. 2003 Apr;48(1):67-80. doi: 10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00020-5. [PubMed:12694902 ]
Vuotto ML, Miranda R, Ritieni A, Basile A, Ricciardi L, Di Prisco R, Nicolosi G, Mascolo N: Improvement of (+)-catechin inhibitory activity on human PMN respiratory burst by (+)-3-O-propionyl and (-)-3-O-valeryl substitution. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;55(3):399-405. doi: 10.1211/002235702414. [PubMed:12724048 ]
Abuknesha RA, Luk C: Paraquat enzyme-immunoassays in biological samples: assessment of the effects of hapten-protein bridge structures on assay sensitivity. Analyst. 2005 Jun;130(6):956-63. doi: 10.1039/b418087a. Epub 2005 Apr 25. [PubMed:15912246 ]
STADTMAN ER, STADTMAN TC, BARKER HA: Tracer experiments on the mechanism of synthesis of valeric and caproic acids by Clostridium kluyveri. J Biol Chem. 1949 Apr;178(2):677-82. [PubMed:18116989 ]
Yuille S, Reichardt N, Panda S, Dunbar H, Mulder IE: Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 27;13(7):e0201073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201073. eCollection 2018. [PubMed:30052654 ]
Li Y, Dong J, Xiao H, Zhang S, Wang B, Cui M, Fan S: Gut commensal derived-valeric acid protects against radiation injuries. Gut Microbes. 2020 Jul 3;11(4):789-806. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1709387. Epub 2020 Jan 13. [PubMed:31931652 ]

Showing metabocard for Valeric acid (MMDBc0000165)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f46bb10f848>