Record Information
Version1.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2022-04-29 22:11:58 UTC
Update Date2024-09-29 15:30:55 UTC
Metabolite IDMMDBc0048846
Metabolite Identification
Common NameTestosterone
DescriptionTestosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid from the androstane class of steroids. It is the most important androgen in potency and quantity for vertebrates. In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Testosterone exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor. In mammals, testosterone is metabolized mainly in the liver. Approximately 50% of testosterone is metabolized via conjugation into testosterone glucuronide and to a lesser extent testosterone sulfate by glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. An additional 40% of testosterone is metabolized in equal proportions into the 17-ketosteroids androsterone and etiocholanolone via the combined actions of 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17beta-HSD. Like other steroid hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol. The first step in the biosynthesis of testosterone involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, CYP11A1) to give pregnenolone. In the next step, two additional carbon atoms are removed by the CYP17A1 (17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) enzyme to yield a variety of C19 steroids. In addition, the 3beta-hydroxyl group is oxidized by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to produce androstenedione. In the final and rate limiting step, the C17 keto group androstenedione is reduced by 17beta-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase to yield testosterone. Testosterone is synthesized and released by the Leydig cells in the testes that lie between the tubules and comprise less than 5% of the total testicular volume. Testosterone diffuses into the seminiferous tubules where it is essential for maintaining spermatogenesis. Some testosterone binds to an androgen-binding protein (ABP) that is produced by the Sertoli cells and is homologous to the sex-hormone binding globulin that transports testosterone in the general circulation. The ABP carries testosterone in the testicular fluid where it maintains the activity of the accessory sex glands and may also help to retain testosterone within the tubule and bind excess free hormone. Some testosterone is converted to estradiol by Sertoli cell-derived aromatase enzyme. Leydig cell steroidogenesis is controlled primarily by luteinizing hormone with negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The requirement of spermatogenesis for high local concentrations of testosterone means that loss of androgen production is likely to be accompanied by loss of spermatogenesis. Indeed, if testicular androgen production is inhibited by the administration of exogenous androgens then spermatogenesis ceases. This is the basis of using exogenous testosterone as a male contraceptive. The largest amounts of testosterone (>95%) are produced by the testes in men, while the adrenal glands account for most of the remainder. Testosterone is also synthesized in far smaller total quantities in women by the adrenal glands, thecal cells of the ovaries, and, during pregnancy, by the placenta. Testosterone levels fall by about 1% each year in men. Therefore, with increasing longevity and the aging of the population, the number of older men with testosterone deficiency will increase substantially over the next several decades. Serum testosterone levels decrease progressively in aging men, but the rate and magnitude of decrease vary considerably. Approximately 1% of healthy young men have total serum testosterone levels below normal; in contrast, approximately 20% of healthy men over age 60 years have serum testosterone levels below normal. (PMID: 17904450 , 17875487 ).
Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
17beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneChEBI
4-Androsten-17beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
AndrodermChEBI
TestosteronChEBI
TestosteronaChEBI
TestosteronumChEBI
AndrogelKegg
AxironKegg
StriantKegg
TestimKegg
17b-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
17Β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
4-Androsten-17b-ol-3-oneGenerator
4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-oneGenerator
(+)-TestosteroneHMDB
(+-)-8-Iso-testosteroneHMDB
(+-)-RetrotestosteroneHMDB
(+-)-TestosteroneHMDB
(17b)-17-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
13-Iso-testosteroneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-oneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-D4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-(13a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-13a-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-14b-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(10a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(13a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(8a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(8a,10a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(9b)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(9b,10a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-13a-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-8a-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-ONHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-D4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-oneHMDB
17b-TestosteroneHMDB
4-Androsten-3-one-17b-olHMDB
8-Iso-testosteroneHMDB
9b,10a-TestosteroneHMDB
9b-TestosteroneHMDB
AndrolinHMDB
AndronaqHMDB
AndropatchHMDB
Androst-4-en-17b-ol-3-oneHMDB
Androst-4-ene-17b-ol-3-oneHMDB
AndrusolHMDB
Cristerona THMDB
D4-Androsten-17b-ol-3-oneHMDB
EpitestosteronHMDB
Geno-cristaux gremyHMDB
HomosteronHMDB
HomosteroneHMDB
LumitestosteronHMDB
MertestateHMDB
NeotestisHMDB
OretonHMDB
OrquisteronHMDB
PerandrenHMDB
Percutacrine androgeniqueHMDB
PrimotestHMDB
PrimotestonHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-(13a)androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-(8a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-(9b,10a)androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
RelibraHMDB
RetrotestosteroneHMDB
SustanonHMDB
SustanoneHMDB
Sustason 250HMDB
Synandrol FHMDB
TeslenHMDB
TestandroneHMDB
TesticulosteroneHMDB
TestobaseHMDB
TestodermHMDB
TestogelHMDB
TestolentHMDB
TestolinHMDB
TestoproponHMDB
TestosteroidHMDB
Testoviron scheringHMDB
Testoviron THMDB
Testro aqHMDB
TestroneHMDB
TestrylHMDB
TostrelleHMDB
TostrexHMDB
ViatrelHMDB
VirormoneHMDB
VirosteroneHMDB
AndrotopHMDB
CEPA brand OF testosteroneHMDB
HisteroneHMDB
SmithKline beecham brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Solvay brand OF testosteroneHMDB
SterotateHMDB
17-beta-Hydroxy-8 alpha-4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
AstraZeneca brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Bartor brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Dr. kade brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Ferring brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Hauck brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Pasadena brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Testosterone sulfateHMDB
Ulmer brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Unimed brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Watson brand OF testosteroneHMDB
17-beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
8 IsotestosteroneHMDB
8-IsotestosteroneHMDB
Auxilium pharmaceuticals inc. brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Faulding brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Paladin brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Schering brand OF testosteroneHMDB
17 beta Hydroxy 4 androsten 3 oneHMDB
17 beta Hydroxy 8 alpha 4 androsten 3 oneHMDB
GlaxoSmithKline brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Ortho brand OF testosteroneHMDB
TestopelHMDB
Molecular FormulaC19H28O2
Average Mass288.4244
Monoisotopic Mass288.20893014
IUPAC Name(1S,2R,10R,11S,14S,15S)-14-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one
Traditional Name(1S,2R,10R,11S,14S,15S)-14-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one
CAS Registry Number58-22-0
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1
InChI KeyMUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N