Showing metabocard for Cr(3+) (MMDBc0054403)

Record Information
Version1.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2022-06-05 23:10:58 UTC
Update Date2024-09-29 15:34:14 UTC
Metabolite IDMMDBc0054403
Metabolite Identification
Common NameCr(3+)
DescriptionChromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in the environment commonly in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. The major non-occupational source of chromium for humans is food such as vegetables, meat, urban air, hip or knee prostheses and cigarettes. Cr(VI) is a widely used in industrial chemicals, extensively used in paints, metal finishes, steel including stainless steel manufacturing, alloy cast irons, chrome and wood treatment. On the contrary, Cr(III) salts such as chromium polynicotinate, chromium chloride and chromium picolinate (CrP) are used as micronutrients and nutritional supplements and have been demonstrated to exhibit a significant number of health benefits in animals and humans. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Chromium enters the body through the lungs, gastro-intestinal tract and to a lesser extent through skin. Inhalation is the most important route for occupational exposure, whereas non-occupational exposure occurs via ingestion of chromium-containing food and water. Regardless of route of exposure Cr(III) is poorly absorbed whereas Cr(VI) is more readily absorbed. Further, absorption of Cr(VI) is poorer by oral route, it is thus not very toxic when introduced by the oral route. But chromium is very toxic by dermal and inhalation routes and causes lung cancer, nasal irritation, nasal ulcer, hypersensitivity reactions and contact dermatitis. All the ingested Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) before entering in the blood stream. The main routes for the excretion of chromium are via kidney/urine and the bile/feces. Cr(III) is unable to enter into the cells but Cr(VI) enters through membrane anionic transporters. Intracellular Cr(VI) is metabolically reduced to Cr(III). Cr(VI) does not react with macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. However, both Cr(III) and the reductional intermediate Cr(V) are capable of co-ordinate, covalent interactions with macromolecules. Chromium is an essential nutrient required by the human body to promote the action of insulin for the utilization of sugars, proteins and fats. CrP has been used as nutritional supplement; it controls blood sugar in diabetes and may reduce cholesterol and blood pressure levels. Chromium increases insulin binding to cells, insulin receptor number and activates insulin receptor kinase leading to increased insulin sensitivity. But high doses of chromium and long term exposure of it can give rise to various, cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions that affect the immune system of the body. However, the mechanism of the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity is not entirely understood. A series of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that Cr(VI) induces oxidative stress through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to genomic DNA damage and oxidative deterioration of lipids and proteins. A cascade of cellular events occur following Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress including enhanced production of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals, increased lipid peroxidation and genomic DNA fragmentation, modulation of intracellular oxidized states, activation of protein kinase C, apoptotic cell death and altered gene expression. Some of the factors in determining the biological outcome of chromium exposure include the bioavailability, solubility of chromium compounds and chemical speciation, intracellular reduction and interaction with DNA. The chromium genotoxicity manifests as several types of DNA lesions, gene mutations and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. Further, chromium exposure may lead to apoptosis, premature terminal growth arrest or neoplastic transformation. Chromium-induced tumor suppressor gene p53 and oxidative processes are some of the major factors that may determine the cellular outcome. Studies have utilized these approaches to understand the interrelationship between chromium-induced genotoxicity, apoptosis and effects on immune response. (PMID: 12208600 ).
Structure
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>


  Mrv1652305231918372D          

  1  0  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
   15.8808   -6.3492    0.0000 Cr  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   1   3
M  END
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3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>

HMDB0000599
     RDKit          3D
Chromium
  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.0000    0.0000    0.0000 Cr  0  0  0  0  0 15  0  0  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   1   3
M  END
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3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>


  Mrv1652305231918372D          

  1  0  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
   15.8808   -6.3492    0.0000 Cr  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   1   3
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
MMDBc0054403

> <DATABASE_NAME>
MIME

> <SMILES>
[Cr+3]

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/Cr/q+3

> <INCHI_KEY>
BFGKITSFLPAWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
Cr

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
51.9961

> <EXACT_MASS>
51.940511904

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
1.7784

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
3

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
chromium(3+) ion

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-0.156

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
3

> <JCHEM_PKA>
3.55

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
3.09

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
0.0

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
0.0

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
chromium(3+) ion

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$
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3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>

HMDB0000599
     RDKit          3D
Chromium
  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.0000    0.0000    0.0000 Cr  0  0  0  0  0 15  0  0  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   1   3
M  END
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PDB for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 23-MAY-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   23-MAY-19         0                                  
HETATM    1 Cr   UNK     0      29.644 -11.852   0.000  0.00  0.00          Cr+3
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    1    0    0    0
END
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3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>

COMPND    HMDB0000599
HETATM    1 CR1  UNL     1       0.000   0.000   0.000  1.00  0.00          CR3+
END
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SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>

[Cr+3]
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INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x0000556b6ae99820>

InChI=1S/Cr/q+3
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Synonyms
ValueSource
Chromic ionChEBI
Chromium (III) ionChEBI
CHROMIUM ionChEBI
Chromium(III)ChEBI
CR(3+)ChEBI
ChromeHMDB
Chromium metalHMDB
CrHMDB
Molecular FormulaCr
Average Mass51.9961
Monoisotopic Mass51.940511904
IUPAC Namechromium(3+) ion
Traditional Namechromium(3+) ion
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
[Cr+3]
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/Cr/q+3
InChI KeyBFGKITSFLPAWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N