MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for L-Carnitine (MMDBc0000019)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:24:59 UTC

Update Date

2024-10-15 20:08:01 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000019

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

L-Carnitine

Description

Carnitine is not an essential amino acid; it can be synthesized in the body. However, it is so important in providing energy to muscles (including the heart) that some researchers are now recommending carnitine supplements in the diet, particularly for people who do not consume much red meat (the main food source for carnitine). Carnitine has been described as a vitamin, an amino acid, or a metabimin (i.e. an essential metabolite). Like the B vitamins, carnitine contains nitrogen and is very soluble in water, and to some researchers carnitine is a vitamin (Liebovitz 1984). It was found that an animal (yellow mealworm) could not grow without carnitine in its diet. However, as it turned out, almost all other animals, including humans, do make their own carnitine; thus, it is no longer considered a vitamin. Nevertheless, in certain circumstances, such as deficiencies of methionine, lysine, or vitamin C or kidney dialysis, carnitine shortages develop. Under these conditions, carnitine must be absorbed from food, and for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as a "metabimin" or a conditionally essential metabolite. Like the other amino acids used or manufactured by the body, carnitine is an amine. But like choline, which is sometimes considered to be a B vitamin, carnitine is also an alcohol (specifically, a trimethylated carboxy-alcohol). Thus, carnitine is an unusual amino acid and has different functions than most other amino acids, which are usually employed by the body in the construction of protein. Carnitine is an essential factor in fatty acid metabolism in mammals. Its most important known metabolic function is to transport fat into the mitochondria of muscle cells, including those in the heart, for oxidation. This is how the heart gets most of its energy. In humans, about 25% of carnitine is synthesized in the liver, kidney, and brain from the amino acids lysine and methionine. Most of the carnitine in the body comes from dietary sources such as red meat and dairy products. Inborn errors of carnitine metabolism can lead to brain deterioration like that of Reye's syndrome, gradually worsening muscle weakness, Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy, and extreme muscle weakness with fat accumulation in muscles. Borum et al. (1979) describe carnitine as an essential nutrient for pre-term babies and individuals who are unable to eat a normal diet (e.g. non-ketotic hypoglycemics, kidney dialysis patients) (PMID: 115309 ). In conditions such as kwashiorkor, cirrhosis, and heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) as well as in inborn errors of metabolism such as type IV hyperlipidemia and propionic or organic aciduria (acid urine resulting from genetic or other anomalies), carnitine is essential to life and carnitine supplements are valuable. Carnitine therapy may also be useful in a wide variety of clinical conditions. Carnitine supplementation has improved some patients who have angina secondary to coronary artery disease. It may also be worth a trial for patients with any form of hyperlipidemia or muscle weakness. Carnitine supplements may also be useful in many forms of toxic or metabolic liver disease and in cases of heart muscle disease. Hearts undergoing severe arrhythmia quickly deplete their stores of carnitine. Athletes, particularly in Europe, have used carnitine supplements for improved endurance. Carnitine may improve muscle building by improving fat utilization and may even be useful in treating obesity. Carnitine joins a long list of nutrients which may be of value in treating pregnant women, hypothyroid individuals, and male infertility due to the low motility of sperm. Carnitine deficiency is noted in abnormal liver function, renal dialysis patients, and severe to moderate muscular weakness with associated anorexia (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Carnitine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat.

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Not Available

Molecular Formula

C₇H₁₆NO₃

Average Mass

162.2068

Monoisotopic Mass

162.113018383

IUPAC Name

Not Available

Traditional Name

Not Available

CAS Registry Number

541-15-1

SMILES

Not Available

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3/p+1/t6-/m1/s1

InChI Key

PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-O

Chemical Taxonomy

Functional Ontology

Physical Properties

Spectra

Biological Properties

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Human Pathways

Metabolic Reactions

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Microbial Sources

Exposure Sources

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			18	22	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Male	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency	HMDB	24847004
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	17				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency	HMDB	19893767
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	20.540	1.850			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency	HMDB	25557019
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			22000	50000	uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase Deficiency	HMDB	9727719
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			43	51	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Male	3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCHAD)	HMDB	23430856
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			47	68	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Female	3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCHAD)	HMDB	11489939
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	12				uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency I	HMDB	11286380
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	15				uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency I	HMDB	11286380
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	0				uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Female	Carnitine transporter defect; primary systemic carnitine deficiency	HMDB	3185635
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.7				uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Female	Carnitine transporter defect; primary systemic carnitine deficiency	HMDB	3185635
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.517				umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)		Carnitine transporter defect; primary systemic carnitine deficiency	HMDB	7131143
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	4.2				uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Carnitine transporter defect; primary systemic carnitine deficiency	HMDB	7131143
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	13.3		11.6	15.1	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Diabetes	HMDB	6810706
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	41.3		38.3	44.2	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Diabetes	HMDB	6810706
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	30.2	6.3			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Early preeclampsia	HMDB	22494326
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			7	31	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria	HMDB	9187477
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			23	50	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria	HMDB	9187477
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	46.8	24.8			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Late-onset preeclampsia	HMDB	23159745
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			0	2.2	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Female	Long-chain Fatty Acids, Defect in Transport of	HMDB	3185635
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	7.0		0.0	30.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Both	Lung cancer	HMDB	18953024
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			23	72	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Methylmalonic aciduria mitochondrial encephelopathy Leigh-like	HMDB	17301081
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			10	21	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)		Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency	HMDB	12838198
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			20.6	33.8	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Myopathic carnitine deficiency	HMDB	15519880
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			9.395	121.200	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Myopathic carnitine deficiency	HMDB	15519880
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	11183.81	6864.25			umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Both	Obese	HMDB	26910390
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			15	34	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome of Lowe	HMDB	2017228
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			19	31	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome of Lowe	HMDB	2017228
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			37	48	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome of Lowe	HMDB	2017228
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			9	33	uM	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome of Lowe	HMDB	2017228
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	19.5	8.3			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23313728
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	19.98	4.82			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	24704061
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	24.3	11.7			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23535240
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	27.8	20.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23159745
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	31.8	14.1			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	22494326
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	7.21				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Propionic acidemia	HMDB	28853722
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<100				umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	9187477
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	>25				uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	12838198
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			0.317	40.928	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	15519880
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			0.79	5.66	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.63		0.83	4.31	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.80		0.78	5.85	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	1.900	0.474			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22546835
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	10.733	1.733			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	7131143
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	14.60	5.43			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24521011
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	15.5		13.2	17.7	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)		Normal	HMDB	25754623
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	16.28	8.41			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24521011
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	19.87	11.39			nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27624970
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			25	88	uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	19893767
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			25.4	54.1	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	15519880
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			26	66	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	2017228
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			26	66	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	2017228
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			26	70	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	17301081
Human Breast milk	Detected and Quantified	26.2	10.1			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	24027187
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			28	47	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	3185635
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			28.500	109	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	11489939
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	29.74	7.55			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21359215
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			3.800	5.133	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	7131143
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			35	75	uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	9187477
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	35.3	7.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	28278231
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			37	58	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	3185635
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	39.33	13.25			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	26010610
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	4.0		2.0	9.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	1643708
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.5		0.62	15.2	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			40	60	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	3185635
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	40.430	3.650			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	25557019
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	41.2		35.5	47.5	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)		Normal	HMDB	25754623
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	43.0		26.0	79.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	1643708
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	43.57	9.97			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	26010610
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	45.7	11.6			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21359215
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.0		0.7	16.4	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	50	30			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	7131143
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	6926.20	754.66			umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	26910390
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	8.13	3.11			nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27624970
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	17.565	24.221			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	34.0	8.8			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obesity	HMDB	Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	36.2	8.1			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obesity	HMDB	Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.159	16.442			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.0	1.2			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	23.5	4.0			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	33.6	6.2			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	38.2	5.4			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.7	4.8			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.17				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Shaykhutdinov RA, MacInnis GD, Dowlatabadi R, Weljie AM, Vogel HJ. Quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations in human urine samples using 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics. 2009
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.656	0.734			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.924	0.960			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	5.24	1.035			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-015-0840-5
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			19.0	65.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Molecular You (https://molecularyou.com)
Human Adipose tissue	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Bladder	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Brain	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Erythrocyte	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Fibroblasts	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Heart	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Intestine	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Kidney	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Liver	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Lung	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Neuron	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Platelet	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Prostate	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Semen	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Skeletal muscle	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Testis	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22932811
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21389975
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	20300169
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	22727327
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	17022649
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	17022649
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25037050
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057

External Links

References

General References

Finocchiaro G, Taroni F, Rocchi M, Martin AL, Colombo I, Tarelli GT, DiDonato S: cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and chromosomal localization of the gene for human carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 15;88(2):661-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.2.661. [PubMed:1988962 ]
Lysiak W, Toth PP, Suelter CH, Bieber LL: Quantitation of the efflux of acylcarnitines from rat heart, brain, and liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 1986 Oct 15;261(29):13698-703. [PubMed:3759988 ]
Corti O, Finocchiaro G, Rossi E, Zuffardi O, DiDonato S: Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding human carnitine acetyltransferase and mapping of the corresponding gene to chromosome 9q34.1. Genomics. 1994 Sep 1;23(1):94-9. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1463. [PubMed:7829107 ]
Emken EA: Metabolism of dietary stearic acid relative to other fatty acids in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Dec;60(6 Suppl):1023S-1028S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/60.6.1023S. [PubMed:7977144 ]
Vaz FM, van Gool S, Ofman R, Ijlst L, Wanders RJ: Carnitine biosynthesis: identification of the cDNA encoding human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Sep 18;250(2):506-10. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9343. [PubMed:9753662 ]
Verhoeven NM, Wanders RJ, Poll-The BT, Saudubray JM, Jakobs C: The metabolism of phytanic acid and pristanic acid in man: a review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998 Oct;21(7):697-728. doi: 10.1023/a:1005476631419. [PubMed:9819701 ]
Koepsell H, Endou H: The SLC22 drug transporter family. Pflugers Arch. 2004 Feb;447(5):666-76. doi: 10.1007/s00424-003-1089-9. Epub 2003 Jul 19. [PubMed:12883891 ]
Palmieri F: The mitochondrial transporter family (SLC25): physiological and pathological implications. Pflugers Arch. 2004 Feb;447(5):689-709. doi: 10.1007/s00424-003-1099-7. Epub 2003 Nov 4. [PubMed:14598172 ]
Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Van Roermund CW, Wanders RJ, Dacremont G: Identification of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes involved in the degradation of long-chain dicarboxylic acids. J Lipid Res. 2004 Jun;45(6):1104-11. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M300512-JLR200. Epub 2004 Apr 1. [PubMed:15060085 ]
Gao L, Chiou W, Tang H, Cheng X, Camp HS, Burns DJ: Simultaneous quantification of malonyl-CoA and several other short-chain acyl-CoAs in animal tissues by ion-pairing reversed-phase HPLC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Jun 15;853(1-2):303-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.029. Epub 2007 Mar 31. [PubMed:17442642 ]
Csala M, Marcolongo P, Lizak B, Senesi S, Margittai E, Fulceri R, Magyar JE, Benedetti A, Banhegyi G: Transport and transporters in the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Jun;1768(6):1325-41. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.009. Epub 2007 Mar 24. [PubMed:17466261 ]
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Showing metabocard for L-Carnitine (MMDBc0000019)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f53ba1aba70>