MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for Glucosamine (MMDBc0000199)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:39:29 UTC

Update Date

2022-08-31 00:00:43 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000199

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Glucosamine

Description

In the United States, glucosamine is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for medical use in humans. Since glucosamine is classified as a dietary supplement, evidence of safety and efficacy is not required as long as it is not advertised as a treatment for a medical condition. Nevertheless, glucosamine is a popular alternative medicine used by consumers for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is also extensively used in veterinary medicine as an unregulated but widely accepted supplement (Nolen RS, 2002). Treatment with oral glucosamine is commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis. However, there is little evidence that any clinical effect of glucosamine works this way (Laverty et al., 2005; Biggee et al., 2005). Its use as a therapy for osteoarthritis appears safe but there is conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness. Glucosamine (C6H14NO5) is an amino sugar that is an important precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 27-MAY-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE: 1296                                              
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   27-MAY-19         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       7.908  -0.146   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  O   UNK     0       3.907   2.164   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    3  O   UNK     0       3.907  -0.916   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    4  O   UNK     0       9.242   2.164   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    5  O   UNK     0       7.908  -3.226   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    6  N   UNK     0       6.574   3.704   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       5.241   1.394   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0       5.241  -0.146   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0       6.574   2.164   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0       6.574  -0.916   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   11  C   UNK     0       7.908   1.394   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   12  C   UNK     0       6.574  -2.456   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1   10   11                                                       
CONECT    2    7                                                            
CONECT    3    8                                                            
CONECT    4   11                                                            
CONECT    5   12                                                            
CONECT    6    9                                                            
CONECT    7    2    8    9                                                  
CONECT    8    3    7   10                                                  
CONECT    9    6    7   11                                                  
CONECT   10    1    8   12                                                  
CONECT   11    1    4    9                                                  
CONECT   12    5   10                                                       
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   12    0   24    0
END

Synonyms

Value	Source
2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose	ChEBI
Chitosamine	ChEBI
D-Glucosamine	ChEBI
(+)-2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose	HMDB
(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-Amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4,5-triol	HMDB
2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose	HMDB
2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose	HMDB
2-Aminoglucose	HMDB
2-Deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose	HMDB
2-Deoxy-2-aminoglucose	HMDB
Cosamin	HMDB
D-(+)-Glucosamine	HMDB
Dona	HMDB
Fides ecopharma brand OF glucosamine sulfate	HMDB
Rottapharm brand OF glucosamine sulfate	HMDB
Xicil	HMDB
2 Amino 2 deoxyglucose	HMDB
Glucosamine sulfate	HMDB
Sulfate, glucosamine	HMDB
Dona S	HMDB
Opfermann brand OF glucosamine sulfate	HMDB
Hespercorbin	HMDB

Molecular Formula

C₆H₁₃NO₅

Average Mass

179.1711

Monoisotopic Mass

179.079372531

IUPAC Name

(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4,5-triol

Traditional Name

glucosamine

CAS Registry Number

3416-24-8

SMILES

N[C@H]1C(O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C6H13NO5/c7-3-5(10)4(9)2(1-8)12-6(3)11/h2-6,8-11H,1,7H2/t2-,3-,4-,5-,6?/m1/s1

InChI Key

MSWZFWKMSRAUBD-IVMDWMLBSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic oxygen compounds

Class

Organooxygen compounds

Sub Class

Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates

Direct Parent

Hexoses

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Hexose monosaccharide
Amino saccharide
Oxane
1,2-aminoalcohol
Hemiacetal
Secondary alcohol
Polyol
Organoheterocyclic compound
Oxacycle
Primary amine
Primary alcohol
Organopnictogen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Primary aliphatic amine
Organic nitrogen compound
Alcohol
Amine
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

D-glucosamine (CHEBI:47977 )
Amino sugars (C00329 )

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	551 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-2.7	ALOGPS
logP	-3	ChemAxon
logS	0.49	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	11.73	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	8.23	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	6	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	5	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	116.17 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	1	ChemAxon
Refractivity	37.58 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	16.87 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-06tr-9300000000-7e2a89f48724cdda814c	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0ul9-9847700000-b4779809586433e7ec78	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-03di-4900000000-364d52fc6e7e423f52bb	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00di-9000000000-762e016c89a40a9e3f49	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00di-9000000000-bd04d561d78f2abad229	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-03di-9500000000-9bfc2897a4b66f71c7a1	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0007-9000000000-f842b779439be8970cd9	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-074i-9000000000-622ec0743231c0cbaca6	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-03e9-9700000000-5087af92679b2640ba6c	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-b9ba212915cbdaed8628	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-2d1825b518f09745e036	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-03la-9100000000-3da7ee17d7512a59e3ef	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-03e9-9400000000-cca17ef05a47a7be4d43	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-01x0-9500000000-5fbd02d318d3ec58f98b	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positive	splash10-0abc-9000000000-11e86d324c183174364e	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 0V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-3ba18bb57823024db64e	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-03e9-9500000000-52f44695a6cfb6459105	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-03di-9800000000-264ee54a99e01e0d4e30	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-00dl-9000000000-08f87dc3e44979542ca2	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-06r6-9000000000-635fa893be82ffdeca97	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Positive	splash10-03e9-9600000000-09232c8766303805f765	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-01q9-0900000000-4c88765919efa0ec2d2d	2016-08-02	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-03ea-6900000000-301590fbe90692448d5e	2016-08-02	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-052g-9100000000-d6a51790ce1df14a067a	2016-08-02	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-002r-9400000000-e43a7a5cb44f6c461544	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-053r-9800000000-56b95ef43b164db5524d	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-052f-9000000000-1434c5ce1e9649c1cbf1	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-25	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)		2018-05-25	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2018-05-25	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Membrane

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Cartilage
Epidermis
Feces
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Platelet
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Cartilage
Epidermis
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Platelet

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0191880	Glucokinase	Enzyme	P35557	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191882	Hexokinase-3	Enzyme	P52790	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191883	Hexokinase-2	Enzyme	P52789	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191885	Hexokinase-1	Enzyme	P19367	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193140	N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase	Unknown	P51688	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193406	Tumor necrosis factor	Enzyme	P01375	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194148	Di-N-acetylchitobiase	Enzyme	Q01459	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196216	Peptide-N(4)-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase	Enzyme	Q96IV0	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196842	Putative hexokinase HKDC1	Unknown	Q2TB90

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Metabolic Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Reaction Type	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0001269	Glucosamine	Glucosamine	Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Glucosamine Transport (Uniport)	VMH	11882499 12135767 12750891 1701966 2182619 2656669 3103217 3399500 3839598 7926364 9770484
MMDBr0001428	Adenosine triphosphate	ADP	Not Available	Hexokinase (D-Glucosamine:ATP)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0002521	Glucosamine	Glucosamine 6-phosphate	Hexokinase 1	Hexokinase	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0002522	Deoxyadenosine triphosphate	dADP	Hexokinase 1	Hexokinase	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006938	Glucosamine	Glucosamine 6-phosphate	Not Available	D-glucosamine transport via PEP:Pyr PTS	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0008057	Glucosamine	Glucosamine	Not Available	Glucosamine transport (proton symport)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010932	N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine	Acetic acid	Not Available	N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine amidohydrolase	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0012957	Adenosine triphosphate	ADP	Glucosamine kinase	Phosphorylation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0012958	Adenosine triphosphate	ADP	N-acetylglucosamine kinase 1	Phosphorylation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0017170	ADP	Adenosine monophosphate	ADP-dependent glucose/glucosamine kinase	Phosphorylation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0017175	beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	Glucosamine	Exo-beta-D-glucosaminidase	Hydrolysis	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0019251	Water	Glucosamine	6-phospho-beta-glucosidase	Carbohydrate hydrolysis	PathBank	31602464

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria	Actinobacteria	109	Human feces; Human stool; Human ; Human saliva; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human sputum; Human bronchial brush; Human nasopharyngeal swab; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Bacteroidetes	116	Human stool; Human ; Human feces; Human urine; Human appendix biopsy; Human gastric fluid; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque; Human supragingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	5	Human feces; Human saliva; Human supragingival plaque	Microbial culture; Unknown
Bacteria	Firmicutes	305	Human stool; Human ; Human feces; Human urine; Pig ; Cattle ; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	181	Human feces; Human sputum; Human ; Human unknown; Pig ; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota	Euglenozoa	1		Microbial culture
Bacteria	Verrucomicrobia	1	Human ; Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Spirochaetes	3	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Fusobacteria	8	Human feces; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Synergistetes	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Tenericutes	3	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Planctomycetes	1	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea/Archaea	Euryarchaeota	5
Archaea/Archaea	nah	1

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Source Sub-type	Species	Data Source	Reference

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.45				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19309105
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.29		0.0	0.6	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	17353133
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	3.02	4.13			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Cartilage	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Epidermis	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Fibroblasts	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Intestine	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Platelet	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25037050
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057

External Links

HMDB ID

HMDB0001514

DrugBank ID

DB01296

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB022668

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

388352

KEGG Compound ID

C00329

BioCyc ID

Not Available

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

47977

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Cheung HS, Nicoloff JT, Kamiel MB, Spolter L, Nimni ME: Stimulation of fibroblast biosynthetic activity by serum of patients with pretibial myxedema. J Invest Dermatol. 1978 Jul;71(1):12-7. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12543646. [PubMed:355562 ]
Rhodes M, Allen A, Dowling RH, Murphy G, Lennard TW: Inhibition of human gall bladder mucus synthesis in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Gut. 1992 Aug;33(8):1113-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.8.1113. [PubMed:1398238 ]
Cope GF, Heatley RV, Kelleher J, Axon AT: In vitro mucus glycoprotein production by colonic tissue from patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1988 Feb;29(2):229-34. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.2.229. [PubMed:3345934 ]
Ruoslahti E, Engvall E, Hayman EG, Spiro RG: Comparative studies on amniotic fluid and plasma fibronectins. Biochem J. 1981 Jan 1;193(1):295-9. doi: 10.1042/bj1930295. [PubMed:7305927 ]
Morita H, Kettlewell MG, Jewell DP, Kent PW: Glycosylation and sulphation of colonic mucus glycoproteins in patients with ulcerative colitis and in healthy subjects. Gut. 1993 Jul;34(7):926-32. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.7.926. [PubMed:8344580 ]
McCarty MF: Glucosamine may retard atherogenesis by promoting endothelial production of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Med Hypotheses. 1997 Mar;48(3):245-51. doi: 10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90328-5. [PubMed:9140889 ]
McCarty MF: Enhanced synovial production of hyaluronic acid may explain rapid clinical response to high-dose glucosamine in osteoarthritis. Med Hypotheses. 1998 Jun;50(6):507-10. doi: 10.1016/s0306-9877(98)90272-9. [PubMed:9710325 ]
Hoffer LJ, Kaplan LN, Hamadeh MJ, Grigoriu AC, Baron M: Sulfate could mediate the therapeutic effect of glucosamine sulfate. Metabolism. 2001 Jul;50(7):767-70. doi: 10.1053/meta.2001.24201. [PubMed:11436179 ]
Roseman S: Reflections on glycobiology. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):41527-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R100053200. Epub 2001 Sep 11. [PubMed:11553646 ]
GHOSH S, BLUMENTHAL HJ, DAVIDSON E, ROSEMAN S: Glucosamine metabolism. V. Enzymatic synthesis of glucosamine 6-phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1960 May;235:1265-73. [PubMed:13827775 ]
Thatte HS, Zagarins S, Khuri SF, Fischer TH: Mechanisms of poly-N-acetyl glucosamine polymer-mediated hemostasis: platelet interactions. J Trauma. 2004 Jul;57(1 Suppl):S13-21. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000136743.12440.89. [PubMed:15280745 ]
Valeri CR, Srey R, Tilahun D, Ragno G: In vitro effects of poly-N-acetyl glucosamine on the activation of platelets in platelet-rich plasma with and without red blood cells. J Trauma. 2004 Jul;57(1 Suppl):S22-5; discussion S25. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000136744.12440.47. [PubMed:15280746 ]
Laverty S, Sandy JD, Celeste C, Vachon P, Marier JF, Plaas AH: Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):181-91. doi: 10.1002/art.20762. [PubMed:15641100 ]
Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, Houpt J, Robinson V, Hochberg MC, Wells G: Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD002946. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002946.pub2. [PubMed:15846645 ]
Cibere J, Thorne A, Kopec JA, Singer J, Canvin J, Robinson DB, Pope J, Hong P, Grant E, Lobanok T, Ionescu M, Poole AR, Esdaile JM: Glucosamine sulfate and cartilage type II collagen degradation in patients with knee osteoarthritis: randomized discontinuation trial results employing biomarkers. J Rheumatol. 2005 May;32(5):896-902. [PubMed:15868627 ]
Biggee BA, Blinn CM, McAlindon TE, Nuite M, Silbert JE: Low levels of human serum glucosamine after ingestion of glucosamine sulphate relative to capability for peripheral effectiveness. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Feb;65(2):222-6. doi: 10.1136/ard.2005.036368. Epub 2005 Aug 3. [PubMed:16079170 ]
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Showing metabocard for Glucosamine (MMDBc0000199)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x000055c79c230988>