MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for Hypoxanthine (MMDBc0000497)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-12-10 18:39:07 UTC

Update Date

2024-10-11 02:59:37 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000497

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Hypoxanthine

Description

Hypoxanthine, also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purines. Purines are a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Hypoxanthine is also classified as an oxopurine, Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Hypoxanthine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as radish (var.), mountain yams, welsh onions, greenthread tea, and common beets. Hypoxanthine is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. Biologically, hypoxanthine can be formed a number of ways. For instance, it is one of the products of the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. However, more frequently xanthine is formed from oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase converts hypoxanthine into IMP in the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. In this process, hypoxanthine is first oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Molecular oxygen, the oxidant in both reactions, is reduced to H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species. In humans, uric acid is the final product of purine degradation and is excreted in the urine. Within humans, hypoxanthine participates in a number of other enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from inosine through its interaction with the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hypoxanthine is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency) characterized by recurrent infections, neurologic symptoms, and autoimmune disorders. PNP deficiency causes a shortage of white blood cells, called T-cells, that help fight infection. Affected individuals develop neurologic symptoms, such as stiff or rigid muscles (spasticity), uncoordinated movements (ataxia), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. PNP deficiency is associated with an increased risk to develop autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune neutropenia, thyroiditis, and lupus.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
6(1H)-Purinone	ChEBI
6-Oxopurine	ChEBI
9H-Purin-6(1H)-one	ChEBI
Hyp	ChEBI
Purin-6(1H)-one	ChEBI
Purine-6-ol	ChEBI
1,7-Dihydro-6H-purin-6-one	HMDB
1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-one	HMDB
1H,7H-Hypoxanthine	HMDB
3H-Purin-6-ol	HMDB
4-Hydroxy-1H-purine	HMDB
6-Hydroxy-1H-purine	HMDB
6-Hydroxypurine	HMDB
7H-Purin-6-ol	HMDB
9H-Purin-6-ol	HMDB
Hypoxanthine enol	HMDB
Purin-6(3H)-one	HMDB
Purin-6-ol	HMDB
Sarcine	HMDB
Sarkin	HMDB
Sarkine	HMDB

Molecular Formula

C₅H₄N₄O

Average Mass

136.1115

Monoisotopic Mass

136.03851077

IUPAC Name

7H-purin-6-ol

Traditional Name

6-hydroxypurine

CAS Registry Number

Not Available

SMILES

OC1=NC=NC2=C1NC=N2

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C5H4N4O/c10-5-3-4(7-1-6-3)8-2-9-5/h1-2H,(H2,6,7,8,9,10)

InChI Key

FDGQSTZJBFJUBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hypoxanthines. Hypoxanthines are compounds containing the purine derivative 1H-purin-6(9H)-one. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds

Class

Imidazopyrimidines

Sub Class

Purines and purine derivatives

Direct Parent

Hypoxanthines

Alternative Parents

Substituents

6-oxopurine
Hypoxanthine
Pyrimidone
Pyrimidine
Azole
Imidazole
Vinylogous amide
Heteroaromatic compound
Azacycle
Organic oxide
Organopnictogen compound
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

oxopurine (CHEBI:17368 )
nucleobase analogue (CHEBI:17368 )
purine nucleobase (CHEBI:17368 )
Purine alkaloids (C00262 )
a purine-related compound (HYPOXANTHINE )
a purine base (HYPOXANTHINE )

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	13 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-0.55	ALOGPS
logP	-0.048	ChemAxon
logS	-1	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	8.72	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	1.73	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	74.69 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	35.5 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	11.82 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-0159-3970000000-0d844fae4a1ffe158823	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-1790000000-ae93bf8bf07b30b65e1a	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-00di-9340000000-1184c503fb61344c4853	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-014i-3590000000-a419976950afe7934cbc	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-000i-9800000000-9c266d6963658e9d2cf1	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0159-3970000000-0d844fae4a1ffe158823	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-1790000000-ae93bf8bf07b30b65e1a	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-9340000000-1184c503fb61344c4853	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-3590000000-a419976950afe7934cbc	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-2890000000-3be4d08be45781881bc1	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-1590000000-bb6f003bfa7bd04628a1	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0a5i-8900000000-e20eb5d939a2c406a6e2	2016-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0613-5900000000-be0624b928ba71cc797d	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-000i-0900000000-2b36c20acd9973b317f5	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0api-9800000000-fb4e3cccb7d27d119feb	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0aor-9200000000-33c2f9eedf9a878530be	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive	splash10-000i-9800000000-9c266d6963658e9d2cf1	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-0910000000-4da64abddc3ac8ab573a	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-1900000000-859f61101b12be0b2978	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-1900000000-f5d899e7988568d5bcab	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-0900000000-e19e6d04568d3560eb4a	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-0910000000-8def0d2ec82152826763	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-2900000000-a8361951a2f702a217c7	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-0900000000-3f653a7c81b328e46cb5	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-0080290000-be98ce43421dbf9007fa	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-000i-0930030000-56ea204dcb077bc174c2	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-4c2d1980f9e5e4b720a5	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-000i-0900000000-26b3c93bc9dea5a88032	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-000i-1900000000-c367cd4c23aea0f74ecb	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-000l-8900000000-91e35cdcc11d357119f0	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-0006-9100000000-4fb8f4ee2d35aa874617	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-014l-9000000000-7934b3037f39d69fc40a	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-014i-9000000000-ad93e267446292bf247b	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-4b8f9e13ed7adf0888c2	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-f295755f591e27bb9f07	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-aee48a44f42a4b767844	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-f5ebd92e86cf00f28cf1	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-9a1ad1aa2d8fb621b608	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-000i-8900000000-ebf57ea530a2d4e31ffa	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)		2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 22.53 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)		2014-09-23	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)		2016-10-22	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)		2016-10-22	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-16	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Lysosome
Peroxisome

Biospecimen Locations

Adipose Tissue
Amniotic Fluid
Blood
Breast Milk
Cellular Cytoplasm
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Epidermis
Erythrocyte
Feces
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Placenta
Platelet
Prostate
Saliva
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen
Testis
Urine

Tissue Locations

Adipose Tissue
Epidermis
Erythrocyte
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Placenta
Platelet
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen
Testis

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0191852	Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase	Unknown	P47989	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192133	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Unknown	P00492	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193861	Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2	Enzyme	Q14542	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193933	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Enzyme	P00491	Homo sapiens

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Metabolic Reactions

Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0002392	Hypoxanthine	Hydrogen peroxide	xanthine dehydrogenase	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0002536	Hypoxanthine	Xanthine	xanthine dehydrogenase	VMH	2713424 8248161
MMDBr0002537	Hypoxanthine	Hydrogen peroxide	xanthine dehydrogenase	VMH	11993848 1643670 3010873 8343533
MMDBr0007073	Inosine	Hypoxanthine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007557	Inosine	Hypoxanthine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007558	Deoxyinosine	Deoxyribose 1-phosphate	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007871	Hypoxanthine	Inosinic acid	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0008086	Adenine	Hypoxanthine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0008192	Hypoxanthine	Xanthine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0010807	Adenine	Hypoxanthine	Not Available	VMH	30371894

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
3-methyl-crotonyl-glycinuria	Increased	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	11893004
Alzheimer's disease		Association	Human Saliva	HMDB	23857558
Canavan disease		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	16139832
Canavan disease	Decreased	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	16139832
Degenerative disc disease	Decreased	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	6656991
Frontotemporal dementia		Association	Human Saliva	HMDB	23857558
Hydrocephalus	Slight Increase	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	2611770
Lesch-nyhan syndrome	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	11307586
Lesch-nyhan syndrome		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	3148065
Lesch-nyhan syndrome	Increased	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	11307586
Lung cancer		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	18953024
Uremia	Slight Decrease	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	12675874
Uremia		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	22626821
Eosinophilic esophagitis	Slight Increase	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria	Verrucomicrobia	2	Human feces; Human stool; Human ; Human urine	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	555	Human ; Human feces; Human mucosa; Human stool; Human supragingival plaque; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque; Human sputum; Human unknown; Pig ; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal; Cattle ; River trout ; Chicken ; Turkey	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Firmicutes	732	Human ; Human supragingival plaque; Human saliva; Human feces; Human urine; Human sputum; Human subgingival plaque; Human vaginal fluid; Human mucosa; Human pleural fluid plaque; Pig ; Cattle ; Human stool	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Actinobacteria	243	Human feces; Human sputum; Human bronchial brush; Human nasopharyngeal swab; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human ; Human mucosa; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque; Human supragingival plaque; Cattle	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Bacteroidetes	176	Human feces; Human appendix biopsy; Human ; Human stool; Human saliva; Human gastric fluid; Human urine; Human subgingival plaque; Human supragingival plaque	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Synergistetes	7	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Spirochaetes	8	Human feces; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Thaumarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Fusobacteria	39	Human feces; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Euryarchaeota	9		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Candidatus melainabacteria	1	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Tenericutes	6	Human feces; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Planctomycetes	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Crenarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Aquificae	1
Archaea/Archaea	Euryarchaeota	40		Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	11	Human feces; Human saliva	Unknown
Bacteria	Chlorobi	3
Bacteria	Cyanobacteria	1
Archaea/Archaea	Thaumarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Chloroflexi	3
Bacteria	Deinococcus-thermus	4
Bacteria	Thermotogae	4
Archaea/Archaea	Crenarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	nah	2
Bacteria	Nitrospirae	1

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Source Sub-type	Species	Data Source	Reference
Animal		Haliotis	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Strombidae	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Clupea harengus harengus	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Undaria pinnatifida	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Peprilus triacanthus	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Rhodophyta	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Myoxocephalus	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Eucheuma	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Saccharina japonica	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Spirulina	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Lota lota	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Porphyra umbilicalis	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Chondrus crispus	FooDB	31437929
Animal		Laminaria	FooDB	31437929
Food			FooDB	31437929
Food			FooDB	31437929
Plant		Xanthosoma sagittifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Basella alba	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vitis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus latifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Byrsonima crassifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Capsicum pubescens	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Carya illinoinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Plant	Solanum tuberosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Crateva religiosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vitis aestivalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Eugenia javanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mentha arvensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucumis sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant			FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium stamineum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica rapa var. chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cinnamomum aromaticum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ribes rubrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ipomoea batatas	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Portulaca oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Chenopodium album	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pastinaca sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium ampeloprasum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucurbita maxima	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Grataegosorbus mitschurinii	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sechium edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Diospyros virginiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Origanum x majoricum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lactuca sativa l. var. longifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rumex	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rubus x loganobaccus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Tragopogon porrifolius	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium ascalonicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Taraxacum officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rubus chamaemorus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Amelanchier alnifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Eugenia uniflora	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Curcuma longa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Annona reticulata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sesbania bispinosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Elettaria cardamomum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ananas comosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Persea americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ribes x nidigrolaria	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Root	Beta vulgaris var. rubra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Garcinia mangostana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lathyrus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Dioscorea pentaphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium tuberosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Chenopodium quinoa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cichorium intybus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Corchorus olitorius	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucumis melo	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Juglans nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Gaylussacia baccata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Petasites japonicus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus tomentosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Maranta arundinacea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mentha x piperita	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cinnamomum verum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Matteuccia struthiopteris	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucurbita moschata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium myrtilloides	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ocimum basilicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Macadamia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Tilia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Nelumbo	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Papaver	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. conica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus limon	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Apium graveolens var. rapaceum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Capsicum annuum var. annuum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lippia graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Annona cherimola	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sesamum orientale	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica rapa var. pekinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica rapa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Capparis spinosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium deliciosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus sinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lens culinaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Phaseolus lunatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Plant	Camellia sinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Artocarpus heterophyllus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus virginiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Musa acuminata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Macadamia tetraphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrullus lanatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lagenaria siceraria	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Linum usitatissimum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Carissa macrocarpa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Phyllostachys edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Satureja hortensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Averrhoa carambola	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus domestica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus armeniaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sorbus aucuparia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Carum carvi	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium schoenoprasum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus reticulata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. costata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Panax	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Nelumbo nucifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica rapa var. rapa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Bertholletia excelsa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cymbopogon citratus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ceratonia siliqua	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Anethum graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Coriandrum sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Luffa aegyptiaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna umbellata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rubus occidentalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium fistulosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Capsicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Carthamus tinctorius	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cicer arietinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Tilia cordata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium alaskaense	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lupinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Anacardium occidentale	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Durio zibethinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus persica var. nucipersica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sprout seedling	Glycine max	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Eriobotrya japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ribes glandulosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica napus var. pabularia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Verbena officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Diospyros kaki	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Oenothera biennis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium oxycoccos	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Virola surinamensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rumex acetosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Theobroma cacao	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Aloysia triphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium parvifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Capsicum chinense	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pyrus pyrifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Phaseolus vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. capitata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium reticulatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Solanum quitoense	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium myrtillus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Daucus carota ssp. sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Theobroma grandiflorum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Syzygium aromaticum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ginkgo biloba	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant			FooDB	31437929
Plant		Flammulina velutipes	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vicia faba	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Satureja montana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Perideridia oregana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium arboreum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Wasabia japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Origanum onites	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus avium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pouteria sapota	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Piper nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Viburnum edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vitis vinifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Origanum vulgare	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Capsicum annuum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Dioscorea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium uliginosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Momordica charantia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rubus ursinus x idaeus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Castanea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cirsium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Raphanus sativus var. sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pleurotus ostreatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Opuntia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. italica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Colocasia esculenta	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus persica var. persica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Anthriscus cerefolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Solanum melongena	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Nuphar lutea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pachyrhizus erosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lupinus albus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cichorium endivia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Myristica fragrans	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Elaeis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Dysphania ambrosioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Raphanus sativus var. niger	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cinnamomum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Photinia melanocarpa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ribes uva-crispa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Feijoa sellowiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lablab purpureus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rheum rhabarbarum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Crocus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Syzygium jambos	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Salix pulchra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus maxima	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Fagus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Salvia officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Castanea sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cydonia oblonga	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Opuntia cochenillifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Annona muricata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium ovatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Thymus pulegioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Phaseolus coccineus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucurbita	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mespilus germanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cocos nucifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Tamarindus indica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica rapa var. perviridis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mentha aquatica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Salvia elegans	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mentha	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sagittaria latifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sambucus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Syzygium cumini	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Psidium guajava	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Typha angustifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Tilia tomentosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Empetrum nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Olea europaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Myrica rubra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Valerianella locusta	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium angustifolium x vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sisymbrium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium vitis-idaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vanilla	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Daucus carota	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Carya	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Physalis philadelphica var. immaculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Borago officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Hyssopus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Manihot esculenta	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Raphanus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Scorzonera hispanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Angelica keiskei	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea l. var. capitata l. f. alba dc.	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna radiata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus dulcis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Shoot	Apium graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ipomoea aquatica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rubus spectabilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Musa x paradisiaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cuminum cyminum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sinapis alba	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cantharellus cibarius	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Fragaria x ananassa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica ruvo	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Arachis hypogaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pyrus communis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rubus idaeus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Morus nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Apium graveolens var. secalinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pinus edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Abelmoschus esculentus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Solanum lycopersicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Opuntia macrorhiza	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Moringa oleifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Passiflora edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna angularis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Manilkara zapota	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium cepa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mentha spicata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Malus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Corylus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Juglans	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Sambucus nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Helianthus annuus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mangifera indica	FooDB	31437929
Plant			FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ribes nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Illicium verum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Zingiber officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Chamaemelum nobile	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Auricularia auricula-judae	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Petroselinum crispum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pisum sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Laurus nobilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Attalea speciosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Juglans ailanthifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Polygonum alpinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Melissa officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Hippophae rhamnoides	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pediomelum esculentum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica juncea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Auricularia polytricha	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Camellia oleifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Chrysanthemum coronarium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Eleocharis dulcis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Actinidia chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Spinacia oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Carica papaya	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant		Thymus vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rubus arcticus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Medicago sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pimenta dioica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rumex articus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna mungo	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Agaricus bisporus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cajanus cajan	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Hibiscus sabdariffa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Canarium ovatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Benincasa hispida	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ribes aureum var. villosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Origanum majorana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Armoracia rusticana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus persica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium macrocarpon	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Foeniculum vulgare	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Arctium lappa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Juglans cinerea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Phoenix dactylifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Artocarpus altilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Metroxylon sagu	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vitis rotundifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Prunus cerasus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna unguiculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cynara scolymus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Psidium cattleianum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cyathea	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brosimum alicastrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus x paradisi	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Rosmarinus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Castanea mollissima	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lentinus edodes	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ficus carica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Morus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vitis labrusca	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lepidium sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Phytolacca americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Helianthus tuberosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Grifola frondosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Tetragonia tetragonioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cucumis metuliferus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Myrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Nephelium lappaceum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Artemisia vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Castanea crenata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Litchi chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Quercus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Corylus avellana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium angustifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Malpighia emarginata	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Juglans regia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Trigonella foenum-graecum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Physalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Thelesperma	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. sabauda	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Chamerion angustifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica napus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vaccinium elliottii	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Asparagus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Levisticum officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Seed	Coffea arabica	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Ziziphus zizyphus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Dimocarpus longan	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Citrus aurantiifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Salvia hispanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant		Matricaria recutita	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Cynara cardunculus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pangium edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Lactuca sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pimpinella anisum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Artemisia dracunculus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vitellaria paradoxa	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Allium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. viridis	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Eragrostis tef	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Agave	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Pistacia vera	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Hedysarum alpinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Vigna aconitifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Malus pumila	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Diospyros	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Amaranthus	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Punica granatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Mammea americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Gossypium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Brassica alboglabra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Apium graveolens var. dulce	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Beta vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant		Annona squamosa	FooDB	31437929

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	5.2				uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Isolated 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency	HMDB	11893004
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.60	1.07			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	23857558
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	15.12	17.44			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Canavan disease	HMDB	16139832
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	5.56	1.74			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Canavan disease	HMDB	16139832
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	2.50		2.00	3.00	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Degenerative disc disease	HMDB	6656991
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.99	1.49			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Frontotemporal lobe dementia	HMDB	23857558
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	5.71		3.99	7.43	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Hydrocephalus	HMDB	2611770
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	9.91		8.01	11.8	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Hydrocephalus	HMDB	2611770
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	74.846				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Lesch-Nyhan syndrome	HMDB	11307586
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	5.7	0.4			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Lesch-Nyhan syndrome	HMDB	3148065
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	7.0	3.2			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Lesch-Nyhan syndrome	HMDB	11307586
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	3.53	3.84			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Lewy body disease	HMDB	23857558
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	6.8	4.8			umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Both	Lung cancer	HMDB	18953024
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	46				umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Molybdenum cofactor deficiency	HMDB	8051926
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	88				umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Molybdenum cofactor deficiency	HMDB	8051926
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.1				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase Superactivity	HMDB	12847698
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	16.846				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase Superactivity	HMDB	12847698
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			4.3	53.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Sulfite oxidase deficiency	HMDB	15558695
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	4.8	1.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Solid tumors	HMDB	6736109
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	14.706	11.765			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Uremia	HMDB	12675874
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	18.88	8.30			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	uremia	HMDB	22626821
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.6				uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Xanthinuria type 1	HMDB	3818951
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.6				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Xanthinuria type 1	HMDB	3818951
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	65				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Xanthinuria type 1	HMDB	23249873
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			0	31	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Xanthinuria type 1	HMDB	25370766
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			61.8	138.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Xanthinuria type 1	HMDB	25370766
Human Cellular cytoplasm	Detected and Quantified	2				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	15882454
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	1242				nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	26416813
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	1363				nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	26416813
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	1540				nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	26416813
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<5.2				umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	30817767
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			0	25	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	23249873
Human Amniotic fluid	Detected and Quantified	0.086	0.044			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	16139832
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.38	0.18			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	16324927
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	1.11	0.20			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	11310987
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.7	0.4			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	normal	HMDB	3818951
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	1.8		0.6	5.1	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	3062020
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	1.91	0.37			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	11310987
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	11.02	3.67			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22626821
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	11.0294	3.676			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	12675874
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	17.1	1.0			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	15558695
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.15	0.34			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	11310987
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	2.2	1.1			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	11307586
Human Breast milk	Detected and Quantified	2.3	1.5			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	24027187
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.30	2.48			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	16139832
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	2.300	1.100			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	12847698
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	2.4		0.6	4.1	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	3062020
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	2.6	0.6			uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	11893004
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	3.6		1.8	5.5	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	3062020
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	3.72	2.50			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	23857558
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.957	1.470			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	12847698
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	34.2	10.3			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21359215
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.82	2.20			umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	16139832
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	4.87	0.36			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	16139832
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.314	1.583			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	11307586
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.78	3.99			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	16139832
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	5.94		5.20	6.68	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	2611770
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	7.2	3.1			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	15558695
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	7.2		1.8	24.1	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.434	6.582			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	6.63	6.938			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			4	60	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.0	0.9			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.0	0.9			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.67		2.8	6.38	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	5.6		3.1	7.1	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	5.6		3.1	7.1	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	1.55	0.973			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	1.57	1.14			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.12	1.17			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	5.83	5.65			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	28.15	11.95			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-015-0840-5
Human Adipose tissue	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Epidermis	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Erythrocyte	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Fibroblasts	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Intestine	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Kidney	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Liver	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Platelet	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Prostate	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Skeletal muscle	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Spleen	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Testis	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22932811
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21389975
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	20300169
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18052033
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21330412
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	19616694
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	26709303
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Both	Normal	HMDB	25486321
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27065191
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	27609529
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25037050
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	25985090
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057

External Links

HMDB ID

HMDB0000157

DrugBank ID

DB04076

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

KNApSAcK ID

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

790

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

17368

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

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Gudbjornsson B, Zak A, Niklasson F, Hallgren R: Hypoxanthine, xanthine, and urate in synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthritides. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 Oct;50(10):669-72. doi: 10.1136/ard.50.10.669. [PubMed:1958086 ]
Castro-Gago M, Rodriguez IN, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Guitian JP, Rocamonde SL, Rodriguez-Segade S: Therapeutic criteria in hydrocephalic children. Childs Nerv Syst. 1989 Dec;5(6):361-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00271893. [PubMed:2611770 ]
Pietz J, Guttenberg N, Gluck L: Hypoxanthine: a marker for asphyxia. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Nov;72(5):762-6. [PubMed:3140152 ]
Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. doi: 10.1007/BF00965000. [PubMed:6656991 ]
Niklasson F: Simultaneous liquid-chromatographic determination of hypoxanthine, xanthine, urate, and creatinine in cerebrospinal fluid, with direct injection. Clin Chem. 1983 Aug;29(8):1543-6. [PubMed:6872216 ]
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Koellner G, Luic M, Shugar D, Saenger W, Bzowska A: Crystal structure of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase in a complex with hypoxanthine at 2.15 A resolution. J Mol Biol. 1997 Jan 17;265(2):202-16. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0730. [PubMed:9020983 ]
Saiki S, Sato T, Hiwatari M, Harada T, Oouchi M, Kamimoto M: Relation between changes in serum hypoxanthine levels by exercise and daily physical activity in the elderly. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1999 May;188(1):71-4. doi: 10.1620/tjem.188.71. [PubMed:10494902 ]
Smolenska Z, Kaznowska Z, Zarowny D, Simmonds HA, Smolenski RT: Effect of methotrexate on blood purine and pyrimidine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Oct;38(10):997-1002. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.10.997. [PubMed:10534552 ]
Saiki S, Sato T, Kohzuki M, Kamimoto M, Yosida T: Changes in serum hypoxanthine levels by exercise in obese subjects. Metabolism. 2001 Jun;50(6):627-30. doi: 10.1053/meta.2001.24197. [PubMed:11398135 ]
Ihara H, Shino Y, Morita Y, Kawaguchi E, Hashizume N, Yoshida M: Is skeletal muscle damaged by the oxidative stress following anaerobic exercise? J Clin Lab Anal. 2001;15(5):239-43. doi: 10.1002/jcla.1034. [PubMed:11574951 ]
Ohdoi C, Nyhan WL, Kuhara T: Chemical diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jul 15;792(1):123-30. doi: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00277-0. [PubMed:12829005 ]
Inokuchi T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Yamamoto A, Cheng J, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Hada T, Yamamoto T: Identification of a new point mutation in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase responsible for hyperuricemia in a female patient. Metabolism. 2004 Nov;53(11):1500-2. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.04.016. [PubMed:15536609 ]
Nakayama Y, Kinoshita A, Tomita M: Dynamic simulation of red blood cell metabolism and its application to the analysis of a pathological condition. Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9;2:18. doi: 10.1186/1742-4682-2-18. [PubMed:15882454 ]
Kaya M, Moriwaki Y, Ka T, Inokuchi T, Yamamoto A, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Tsuzita J, Oku Y, Yamamoto T: Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise. Metabolism. 2006 Jan;55(1):103-7. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.013. [PubMed:16324927 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed:22626821 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Showing metabocard for Hypoxanthine (MMDBc0000497)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f4631f06210>