MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for L-Glutamine (MMDBc0000129)

Not Available

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:36:56 UTC

Update Date

2024-09-28 01:39:01 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000129

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

L-Glutamine

Description

Glutamine (Gln) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. In humans it is considered a non-essential amino acid. Structurally, glutamine is similar to the amino acid glutamic acid. However, instead of having a terminal carboxylic acid, it has an amide. Enzymatically, glutamine is formed by replacing a side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. Glutamine is found in foods high in proteins, such as fish, red meat, beans, and dairy products. Glutamine is often used as a supplement in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports, as well as by those who suffer from muscular cramps or pain, particularly elderly people. The main use of glutamine within the diet of either group is as a means of replenishing the body's stores of amino acids that have been used during exercise or everyday activities. Studies which have looked into problems with excessive consumption of glutamine thus far have proved inconclusive. However, normal supplementation is healthy mainly because glutamine is supposed to be supplemented after prolonged periods of exercise (for example, a workout or exercise in which amino acids are required for use) and replenishes amino acid stores. This is one of the main reasons glutamine is recommended during fasting or for people who suffer from physical trauma, immune deficiencies, or cancer. There is a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with positive intestinal effects. These include maintenance of gut barrier function, aiding intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. It is also known that glutamine has positive effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital waiting times after abdominal surgery are reduced by providing parenteral nutrition regimens containing amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and improved lymphocyte recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any side-effects (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glutamine). L-Glutamine is found to be associated with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
(2S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid	ChEBI
(2S)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid	ChEBI
(S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid	ChEBI
Glutamic acid 5-amide	ChEBI
Glutamic acid amide	ChEBI
GLUTAMINE	ChEBI
L-(+)-Glutamine	ChEBI
L-2-Aminoglutaramic acid	ChEBI
L-Glutamic acid gamma-amide	ChEBI
L-Glutamin	ChEBI
L-Glutaminsaeure-5-amid	ChEBI
Levoglutamide	ChEBI
Q	ChEBI
Endari	Kegg
Nutrestore	Kegg
(2S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoate	Generator
(2S)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoate	Generator
(S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoate	Generator
Glutamate 5-amide	Generator
Glutamate amide	Generator
L-2-Aminoglutaramate	Generator
L-Glutamate g-amide	Generator
L-Glutamate gamma-amide	Generator
L-Glutamate γ-amide	Generator
L-Glutamic acid g-amide	Generator
L-Glutamic acid γ-amide	Generator
2-Aminoglutaramic acid	HMDB
Cebrogen	HMDB
gamma-Glutamine	HMDB
Glavamin	HMDB
Glumin	HMDB
L-2-Aminoglutaramidic acid	HMDB
L-Glutamic acid 5-amide	HMDB
L-Glutamid	HMDB
L-Glutamide	HMDB
Levoglutamid	HMDB
Levoglutamida	HMDB
Levoglutamidum	HMDB
Levoglutamina	HMDB
Polyglutamine	HMDB
Stimulina	HMDB
D-Glutamine	HMDB
D Glutamine	HMDB
L Glutamine	HMDB

Molecular Formula

C₅H₁₀N₂O₃

Average Mass

146.1445

Monoisotopic Mass

146.069142196

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid

Traditional Name

L-glutamine

CAS Registry Number

56-85-9

SMILES

N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1

InChI Key

ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

L-alpha-amino acids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

L-alpha-amino acid
Fatty acid
Amino acid
Carboximidic acid
Carboximidic acid derivative
Carboxylic acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Amine
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary amine
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organic oxide
Primary aliphatic amine
Organopnictogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

proteinogenic amino acid (CHEBI:18050 )
L-alpha-amino acid (CHEBI:18050 )
glutamine (CHEBI:18050 )
glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:18050 )
Common amino acids (C00064 )

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	97.8 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-3.3	ALOGPS
logP	-4	ChemAxon
logS	-0.17	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	2.15	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.31	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	106.41 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	4	ChemAxon
Refractivity	33.11 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	13.87 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-adb283bb40327f705680	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-134e80840320dadf6ad1	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-05fr-7910000000-89f87d4acc18299244f5	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-952a471cad5e5ead0a7e	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS)	splash10-004i-1961000000-94183211889cfe72d4ff	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-1920000000-6505cd814f3707a0feba	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS)	splash10-004i-0692000000-9788416fdefb051b9586	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-adb283bb40327f705680	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-134e80840320dadf6ad1	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00dj-4921200000-5446333d9aa592da8a07	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-05fr-7910000000-89f87d4acc18299244f5	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-952a471cad5e5ead0a7e	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-004i-1961000000-94183211889cfe72d4ff	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-1920000000-6505cd814f3707a0feba	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-004i-0692000000-9788416fdefb051b9586	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-ce2b15fe45c57a30c6bb	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ab9-1900000000-7be5eab1056d2a249ab5	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-5dc2d147bea250c7b80e	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fb9-0921000000-5dcbab01982f543f7925	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-004j-0940000000-102c9a43b5153f06927f	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0006-9300000000-716b1947d48f42862cdf	2016-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00dl-9610000000-bfd7aa529a6e7f62de43	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0059-3900000000-c8f487d1a561e49327c0	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-001i-9000000000-eee04836e7577e11d0d0	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0a59-9000000000-54ffbe5be8d7dbede389	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0002-0900000000-79283391c985f8286677	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-6afbd5929b6e2371a371	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-d5bd83614703b048228e	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-dc8def340a2655f9a399	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0002-0900000000-47e3e94a4387c53e0bd6	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-c1acfa3750a90d81ce15	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-004i-0900000000-93f01bccbc98f18d4b07	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-ce03708ec9ce55cd8952	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0933201000-9339494cebedd9c39135	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-004i-0900000000-64561a4c3590d5994e37	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-fdcdd7591fb182d804e2	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03dm-0030900000-66314ae704783630947a	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0933100000-8798d2e46a415bb1029a	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-004i-0900000000-dddea137e500a9b364cc	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-a78f8e4b2d6b37917b21	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0920000000-8c6e1eb7de6f70911080	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-fa42fc4bcba608992804	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-004i-2900000000-074610880ea19a417f60	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-059x-9200000000-8b7dae54eb8325667bd7	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-e115d9215eea3f0c3629	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-55b1ac62eea66274b984	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-001j-0900000000-c9c71895033d66cb2bec	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-001i-9000000000-bc4e294b8a3fd8c5abce	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, experimental)		2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 22.5 MHz, D₂O, experimental)		2014-09-23	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2021-10-10	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-05	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)		2021-10-14	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Extracellular
Mitochondria

Biospecimen Locations

Adipose Tissue
Blood
Breast Milk
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Epidermis
Feces
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Neuron
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Saliva
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen
Sweat
Testis
Urine

Tissue Locations

Adipose Tissue
Epidermis
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Neuron
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen
Testis

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0191884	Glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 2	Enzyme	O94808	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191886	Glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 1	Enzyme	Q06210	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192000	Amidophosphoribosyltransferase	Unknown	Q06203	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192123	Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1	Enzyme	Q16773	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192224	Glutamine--tRNA ligase	Enzyme	P47897	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192227	Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]	Enzyme	P08243	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192235	GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]	Unknown	P49915	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192305	Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E	Unknown	Q08188	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192307	Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2	Unknown	P21980	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192309	Glutamine synthetase	Enzyme	P15104	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192311	Coagulation factor XIII A chain	Unknown	P00488	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192314	Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial	Enzyme	Q9UI32	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192315	CTP synthase 1	Unknown	P17812	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192318	Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5	Unknown	O43548	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192319	Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial	Enzyme	O94925	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192320	Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 4	Unknown	P49221	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192321	Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase K	Unknown	P22735	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192330	Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6	Unknown	O95932	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192332	Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase Z	Unknown	Q96PF1	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192473	Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Enzyme	O15067	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193346	Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial	Enzyme	O75879	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193348	Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)	Transporter	Q15758	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193522	Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2	Transporter	Q9UHI5	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193772	Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3	Transporter	Q99624	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193879	Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase	Unknown	Q6IA69	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193901	CAD protein	Unknown	P27708	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193956	CTP synthase 2	Enzyme	Q9NRF8	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194001	Monocarboxylate transporter 10	Transporter	Q8TF71	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194144	Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1	Enzyme	Q969I3	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194165	Glutamine synthetase	Enzyme	A8YXX4	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196245	Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit A, mitochondrial	Enzyme	Q9H0R6	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196812	Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit C, mitochondrial	Unknown	O43716

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank
Succinate Signalling
Protein Synthesis: Glutamine
Anti-inflammatory pathway

Metabolic Reactions

Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0000342	L-Aspartic acid	L-Asparagine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	2564390 2886907
MMDBr0001340	L-Glutamine	L-Glutamic acid	glutaminase	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0001927	L-Glutamine	Phenylacetylglutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0002353	2-Oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0002469	L-Glutamine	L-Alanine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0002470	L-Glutamine	L-Alanine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0002943	L-Alanine	Primed Glycogenin (Glycogenin-8[1,4-Glc])	glycogenin 1	VMH	10395894 10721716 15489334 8602861 8661012
MMDBr0002944	Primed Glycogenin (Glycogenin-8[1,4-Glc])	L-Alanine	Not Available	VMH	10395894 10721716 15489334 8602861 8661012
MMDBr0006471	Cystyl-Glutaminyl-Methionine	L-Cysteine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006477	Glutaminyl-Asparaginyl-Glutamine	L-Asparagine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006478	Glutaminyl-Histidyl-Histidine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006479	Glutaminyl-Histidyl-Lysine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006480	Glutaminyl-Lysyl-Lysine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006481	Glutaminyl-Lysyl-Tryptophan	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006482	Glutaminyl-Prolyl-Glutamate	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006483	Glutaminyl-Tryptophanyl-Glutamate	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006484	Glutaminyl-Tyrosyl-Leucine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006505	Histidyl-Glutaminyl-Alanine	L-Alanine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006507	Histidyl-Glutamyl-Glutamine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006516	Histidyl-Methionyl-Glutamine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006523	Isolecyl-Glutaminyl-Glutamate	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006541	Lysyl-Glutaminyl-Phenylalanine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006551	Methionyl-Glutaminyl-Tyrosine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006559	Phenylalanyl-Glutaminyl-Phenylalanine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006573	Phenylalanyl-Tyrosinyl-Glutamine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006579	Prolyl-Glutaminyl-Proline	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006590	Prolyl-Valyl-Glutamine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006600	Threonyl-Glutaminyl-Glutamate	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006601	Threonyl-Glutaminyl-Tyrosine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006612	Tryptophanyl-Glutaminyl-Glutamine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006635	Tryptophanyl-Tyrosyl-Glutamine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006900	Adenosyl cobyrinate diamide	Adenosyl cobyrinate a,c diamide	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006920	Cobyrinate	Cob(II)yrinate a,c diamide	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0006944	L-Glutamine	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0006970	L-Glutamine	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007068	L-Glutamic acid	Oxoglutaric acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007244	Chorismate	4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007264	Chorismate	2-Aminobenzoic acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007282	L-Glutamine	Carbamoylphosphate	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007291	L-Glutamine	Cytidine triphosphate	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007424	Fructose 6-phosphate	Glucosamine 6-phosphate	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007430	L-Glutamic acid	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007438	Glycyl-L-glutamine	L-Glutamine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007457	L-Glutamine	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007529	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007650	Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007833	L-Glutamine	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0007946	5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide	Phosphoribosylformylglycineamidine	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0008461	Oxoglutaric acid	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0008462	Oxoglutaric acid	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010812	L-Glutamine	L-Glutamic acid	glutaminase 2 (liver, mitochondrial)	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0011001	L-Glutamine	L-Glutamic acid	Not Available	VMH	30371894

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
Alzheimer's disease	Decreased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	17031479
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	17031479
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	Association	Human Saliva	HMDB	23857558
Alzheimer's disease		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	17031479
Alzheimer's disease	Decreased	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	9693263
Epilepsy	Decreased	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	14992292
Frontotemporal dementia	Increased	Association	Human Saliva	HMDB	23857558
Fumarase deficiency		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	20549362
Fumarase deficiency	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	20549362
Leukemia	Slight Increase	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	15911239
Maple syrup urine disease	Slight Increase	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	19551947
N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	7623444
N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	2044610
Obesity		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	23108202
Obesity		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	24740590
Propionic acidemia		Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	19809936
Propionic acidemia	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	19551947
Schizophrenia		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	2415198
Schizophrenia	Slight Increase	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	2480613
Eosinophilic esophagitis		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Eosinophilic esophagitis		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Obesity		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children
Obesity		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency	Slight Decrease	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency	Increased	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria	Firmicutes	907	Human feces; Human vaginal secretion; Human stool; Human ; Human urine; Human sputum; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque; Human vaginal fluid; Human supragingival plaque; Human pleural fluid plaque; Pig ; Human mucosa; Cattle ; Catfish	Microbial culture; Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Deinococcus-thermus	7		Microbial culture
Bacteria	Fibrobacteres	2		Microbial culture
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	793	Human feces; Human sputum; Human ; Human unknown; Pig ; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human stool; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal; Cattle ; River trout ; Turkey ; Sheep ; Dog ; Lion ; Chicken ; Rat ; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Fusobacteria	41	Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human ; Human urine; Human feces; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Bacteroidetes	198	Human feces; Human appendix biopsy; Human ; Human stool; Human saliva; Human gastric fluid; Human urine; Human subgingival plaque; Human supragingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota	Euglenozoa	1		Microbial culture
Archaea	Euryarchaeota	14	Human feces; Human	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Actinobacteria	319	Human feces; Human sputum; Human bronchial brush; Human nasopharyngeal swab; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human ; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human subgingival plaque; Human saliva; Cattle	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Verrucomicrobia	3	Human ; Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Synergistetes	7	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Spirochaetes	20	Human feces; Human ; Pig	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Thaumarchaeota	2		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Candidatus melainabacteria	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Tenericutes	20	Human feces; Human ; Goat	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Planctomycetes	3	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Crenarchaeota	2		Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	37	Human feces; Human saliva	Unknown
Archaea/Archaea	Crenarchaeota	20		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Aquificae	4
Bacteria	Chlorobi	11
Bacteria	Chlamydiae	10	Cat ; Human ; Sheep
Bacteria	Cyanobacteria	35	Human
Bacteria	Chloroflexi	10
Bacteria	Elusimicrobia	2
Bacteria	Gemmatimonadetes	1
Bacteria	Thermotogae	10
Bacteria	nah	4
Eukaryota/Fungi	Basidiomycota	10	Human feces
Archaea/Archaea	Euryarchaeota	40	Human feces; Human	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Viruses/Bamfordvirae	Nucleocytoviricota	1
Eukaryota/Fungi	Microsporidia	1
Archaea/Archaea	Thaumarchaeota	2		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Dictyoglomi	2
Archaea/Archaea	Korarchaeota	1
Bacteria	Acidobacteria	3
nah	1
Archaea/Archaea	nah	2
Eukaryota/Fungi	Mucoromycota	1	Human feces
Bacteria	Nitrospirae	1

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Source Sub-type	Species	Data Source	Reference
Animal		Eucheuma	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Saccharina japonica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Spirulina	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Lota lota	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Porphyra umbilicalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	30994344
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	30994344
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	30994344
Animal	Milk	Bos taurus	FooDB	30994344
Animal		Chondrus crispus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Laminaria	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Strombidae	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Haliotis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Clupea harengus harengus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Undaria pinnatifida	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Peprilus triacanthus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Rhodophyta	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Animal		Myoxocephalus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Food			FooDB	27664616
Plant		Citrullus lanatus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna umbellata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Averrhoa carambola	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus domestica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Carum carvi	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium schoenoprasum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rubus occidentalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium fistulosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus armeniaca	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Nelumbo nucifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum annuum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cymbopogon citratus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Luffa aegyptiaca	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lupinus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus reticulata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Tilia cordata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Bertholletia excelsa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ceratonia siliqua	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium alaskaense	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Durio zibethinus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ribes glandulosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Coriandrum sativum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Solanum melongena	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Verbena officinalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. italica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Carthamus tinctorius	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium oxycoccos	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cicer arietinum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus persica var. nucipersica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Aloysia triphylla	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Anacardium occidentale	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium parvifolium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum chinense	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Oenothera biennis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica napus var. pabularia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Eriobotrya japonica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Diospyros kaki	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium reticulatum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Virola surinamensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Theobroma cacao	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Solanum quitoense	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rumex acetosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pyrus pyrifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Satureja montana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum annuum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium arboreum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Perideridia oregana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. capitata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Wasabia japonica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Origanum onites	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Theobroma grandiflorum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant			FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus japonica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ginkgo biloba	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium myrtillus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Camellia sinensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Flammulina velutipes	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Syzygium aromaticum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Viburnum edule	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phaseolus vulgaris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pouteria sapota	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium uliginosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vicia faba	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus avium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Piper nigrum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Raphanus sativus var. sativus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus persica var. persica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Dioscorea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Momordica charantia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rubus ursinus x idaeus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Origanum vulgare	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vitis vinifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cirsium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Castanea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Opuntia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium cepa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Raphanus sativus var. niger	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Dysphania ambrosioides	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Photinia melanocarpa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pleurotus ostreatus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Colocasia esculenta	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Nuphar lutea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Anthriscus cerefolium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pachyrhizus erosus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lupinus albus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea l. var. capitata l. f. alba dc.	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Solanum tuberosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Syzygium jambos	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Salix pulchra	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cichorium endivia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Myristica fragrans	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Elaeis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cinnamomum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus maxima	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Feijoa sellowiana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium ovatum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ribes uva-crispa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Crocus sativus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Thymus pulegioides	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Fagus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mespilus germanica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lablab purpureus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cydonia oblonga	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica rapa var. perviridis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rheum rhabarbarum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Castanea sativa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Salvia officinalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phaseolus coccineus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Apium graveolens	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Opuntia cochenillifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Salvia elegans	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mentha	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mentha aquatica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Annona muricata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucurbita	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sagittaria latifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cocos nucifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Tamarindus indica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Syzygium cumini	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Empetrum nigrum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Typha angustifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Myrica rubra	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Tilia tomentosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium angustifolium x vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sambucus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Valerianella locusta	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pinus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sisymbrium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Olea europaea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vanilla	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Angelica keiskei	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Borago officinalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Psidium guajava	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Carya	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Hyssopus officinalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium vitis-idaea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Physalis philadelphica var. immaculata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Scorzonera hispanica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rubus spectabilis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ipomoea aquatica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Manihot esculenta	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Daucus carota	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Raphanus sativus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Spinacia oleracea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus dulcis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna radiata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cuminum cyminum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cantharellus cibarius	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium sativum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Musa x paradisiaca	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sinapis alba	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Morus nigra	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Opuntia macrorhiza	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica ruvo	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Fragaria x ananassa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pinus edulis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Apium graveolens var. secalinum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rubus idaeus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Arachis hypogaea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Passiflora edulis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pyrus communis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Manilkara zapota	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Abelmoschus esculentus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Moringa oleifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Solanum lycopersicum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Illicium verum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant			FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna angularis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Malus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Auricularia auricula-judae	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Corylus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Juglans ailanthifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Juglans	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Chamaemelum nobile	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sambucus nigra	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mangifera indica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Polygonum alpinum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Hippophae rhamnoides	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Melissa officinalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mentha spicata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Helianthus annuus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Auricularia polytricha	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Attalea speciosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phaseolus vulgaris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Laurus nobilis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pediomelum esculentum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Beta vulgaris var. rubra	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Petroselinum crispum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rubus arcticus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ribes nigrum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Zingiber officinale	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica juncea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Chrysanthemum coronarium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Eleocharis dulcis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pisum sativum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Camellia oleifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rumex articus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Actinidia chinensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ribes aureum var. villosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pimenta dioica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Thymus vulgaris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Canarium ovatum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Medicago sativa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Agaricus bisporus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Hibiscus sabdariffa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Carica papaya	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cajanus cajan	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Origanum majorana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Benincasa hispida	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Metroxylon sagu	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna mungo	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Armoracia rusticana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vitis rotundifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Juglans cinerea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cyathea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Arctium lappa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Morus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus persica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Foeniculum vulgare	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Artocarpus altilis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Psidium cattleianum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium macrocarpon	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vitis labrusca	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna unguiculata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brosimum alicastrum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cynara scolymus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Castanea mollissima	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phoenix dactylifera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Amelanchier alnifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pastinaca sativa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Myrica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucumis metuliferus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lentinus edodes	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucumis sativus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucurbita maxima	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus cerasus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus x paradisi	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Nephelium lappaceum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rosmarinus officinalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Artemisia vulgaris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phytolacca americana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lepidium sativum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Tetragonia tetragonioides	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium angustifolium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Castanea crenata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Helianthus tuberosus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Grifola frondosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lactuca sativa l. var. longifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Thelesperma	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ficus carica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Quercus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Corylus avellana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus tomentosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant			FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium elliottii	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Chamerion angustifolium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Litchi chinensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Malpighia emarginata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Physalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Levisticum officinale	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ziziphus zizyphus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Juglans regia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Trigonella foenum-graecum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Dimocarpus longan	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pangium edule	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. sabauda	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Matricaria recutita	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cynara cardunculus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Asparagus officinalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica napus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Hedysarum alpinum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Salvia hispanica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Artemisia dracunculus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Agave	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pimpinella anisum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Apium graveolens var. dulce	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus aurantiifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna aconitifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. viridis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vitellaria paradoxa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant			FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lactuca sativa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Xanthosoma sagittifolium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Eragrostis tef	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Diospyros	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica alboglabra	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mammea americana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Pistacia vera	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Amaranthus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Basella alba	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Annona squamosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Punica granatum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum pubescens	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Beta vulgaris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Gossypium	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Crateva religiosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Byrsonima crassifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vitis aestivalis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Eugenia javanica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mentha arvensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vitis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium stamineum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus latifolia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Carya illinoinensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Grataegosorbus mitschurinii	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant			FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Malus pumila	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica rapa var. chinensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Origanum x majoricum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Portulaca oleracea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Diospyros virginiana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cinnamomum aromaticum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ribes rubrum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ipomoea batatas	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium ampeloprasum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Chenopodium album	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant			FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rumex	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sechium edule	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum annuum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rubus chamaemorus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Eugenia uniflora	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Tragopogon porrifolius	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rubus x loganobaccus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ribes x nidigrolaria	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium ascalonicum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sesbania bispinosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Curcuma longa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Taraxacum officinale	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Garcinia mangostana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Annona reticulata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Allium tuberosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Elettaria cardamomum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lathyrus sativus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Dioscorea pentaphylla	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Gaylussacia baccata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Persea americana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Petasites japonicus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica rapa var. rapa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Anethum graveolens	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Corchorus olitorius	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cichorium intybus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Matteuccia struthiopteris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Chenopodium quinoa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium myrtilloides	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ananas comosus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Tilia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Maranta arundinacea	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucumis melo	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Juglans nigra	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cinnamomum verum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. conica	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Mentha x piperita	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Cucurbita moschata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Nelumbo	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lippia graveolens	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phaseolus vulgaris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Macadamia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Rosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Apium graveolens var. rapaceum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Papaver	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Ocimum basilicum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum annuum var. annuum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capsicum annuum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus limon	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vaccinium deliciosum	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica rapa var. pekinensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Annona cherimola	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica rapa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Capparis spinosa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Glycine max	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sesamum orientale	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Prunus virginiana	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Macadamia tetraphylla	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Artocarpus heterophyllus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Carissa macrocarpa	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Sorbus aucuparia	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lens culinaris	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phaseolus lunatus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Satureja hortensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Lagenaria siceraria	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Citrus sinensis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Musa acuminata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Brassica oleracea var. costata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Panax	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Daucus carota ssp. sativus	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Phyllostachys edulis	FooDB	Manually Annotated
Plant		Linum usitatissimum	FooDB	Manually Annotated

Source Type	Activity	Data Source	Reference
Drugs	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Drugs	Antimicrobial	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Cosmetics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Domestics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Domestics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Cosmetics	Not Available	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.17	0.49			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	1146.6	10.6			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	22.30	10.19			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	23857558
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	228.34	12.00			uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	254.0		152.0	356.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	9693263
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	331.0	57.2			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Early preeclampsia	HMDB	22494326
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	476.0		455.0	498.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Epilepsy	HMDB	14992292
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	495.0		477.0	513.0	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Epilepsy	HMDB	14992292
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	611.0		591.0	630.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Epilepsy	HMDB	14992292
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	19.49	3.73			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Frontotemporal lobe dementia	HMDB	23857558
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	430				uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Male	Fumaric aciduria	HMDB	20549362
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			154	512	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Fumaric aciduria	HMDB	20549362
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			2	6	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Glutamine deficiency, congenital	HMDB	16267323
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified			11	12	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Glutamine deficiency, congenital	HMDB	16267323
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			0	8	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Glutamine deficiency, congenital	HMDB	16267323
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	253.1	131.1			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Late-onset preeclampsia	HMDB	23159745
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	1061.0	230.2			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Leukemia	HMDB	15911239
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	1875.3	285.8			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Leukemia	HMDB	15911239
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	48.74	50.79			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Lewy body disease	HMDB	23857558
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	603				umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency	HMDB	24341803
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	723				uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency	HMDB	24341803
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	820		615	1381	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency	HMDB	24341803
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	52.8	26.3			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Maple syrup urine disease	HMDB	19551947
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			347	1054	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	N-Acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency	HMDB	7623444
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			442	533	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Male	N-Acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency	HMDB	7623444
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			67	1103	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency	HMDB	2044610
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	509.43	114.91			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obese	HMDB	23108202
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	567	120			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obese	HMDB	24740590
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	588	102			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obese	HMDB	24740590
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	588	162			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obese	HMDB	24740590
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	606	123			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obese	HMDB	24740590
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	1731				uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1, Cytosolic	HMDB	26971250
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			508	1087	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1, Cytosolic	HMDB	28216384
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	174.3	216.4			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23313728
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	218.5	66.9			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23159745
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	250.2	77.3			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23535240
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	288.2	82.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	22494326
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	310.98	52.92			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	24704061
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	902				uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	propionic acidemia	HMDB	19809936
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	37.5	0.6			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Propionic acidemia	HMDB	19551947
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	572	116			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Schizophrenia	HMDB	2415198
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	650.0	98.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Schizophrenia	HMDB	2480613
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	673.0	96.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Schizophrenia	HMDB	2480613
Human Sweat	Detected and Quantified	< 10				uM	Adult (60 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22194922
Human Sweat	Detected and Quantified	< 10				uM	Adult (40 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22194922
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	>10				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	12097436
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	118.96	89.94			umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	2026685
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			16.16	134.4	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	160	110			nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27624970
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			17	37	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	27012787
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			18	34	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	27012787
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	20.0		9.0	33.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18004736
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	214.81	135.67			umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	316.57	192.20			umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	33.32	10.78			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	15992788
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			333	809	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	26971250
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			334	666	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	24341803
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified			352	885	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	16267323
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified			352	885	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	24341803
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	36.60	31.81			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	23857558
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	363.3	97.6			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	22546835
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	37.2		19.1	77.9	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	373.10	226.12			umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			376	709	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20549362
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	39.9		18.4	72.5	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	4.8	4.5			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	21164041
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	40	30			nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27624970
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	425.0	70.5			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	6198473
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	432	204			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18502700
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			433	619	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	16267323
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	490.6	84.3			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	16890503
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	492.6	93.6			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21359215
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	50.83		32.41	129.3	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	50		15.47	135.8	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	510.4	118.2			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21359215
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	518.0	81.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	6198473
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			52	205	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	16267323
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	523.4		442.5	642.5	uM	Children (1-13 uears old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27294788
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	570.0	240.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	1931558
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	586.0		502.0	670.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	12297216
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	6.6	2.1			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	21164041
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	6.9	0.36			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	21164041
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			60	470	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	2044610
Human Breast milk	Detected and Quantified	616	314			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	24027187
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			62	165	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	24341803
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	623.6	71.6			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	15911239
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	627.0		482.0	772.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	15627241
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	632	83			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	2415198
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	638.62	109.94			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	23108202
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	657.9	106.2			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	28278231
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	8.4	2.7			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	21164041
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	822	274			uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	7623444
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			9.158	104.354	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20549362
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	89.151	68.262			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	92.5071	40.858			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	497.6	113.7			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obesity	HMDB	Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	521.3	116.3			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Obesity	HMDB	Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	542.5		376.0	709.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	900.0		700.0	1100.0	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	94.945	48.611			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	98.1213	28.9895			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified			285	820	uM	Children (0 - 10 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			29.28	121.88	umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13 - 21 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			29.28	121.88	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>21 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			29.28	181.24	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (4 - 13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified			310	820	uM	Adolescent (>11 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			380	780	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			380	780	uM	Infant (1 - 3 months old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			380	780	uM	Children (3 months - 6 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			380	780	uM	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			52.01	205.09	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			62.97	374.45	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (1 - 6 months old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			70.55	385.99	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (2 - 4 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			75.18	321.66	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (6 months - <1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			98.70	268.74	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 2 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	444.0	84.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	578	85			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	578.0	85.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	591	66			uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	591.0	66.0			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	600	70			uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	600.0	70.0			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	645	64			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	645.0	64.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	905.0	250.0			uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	33.98				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Shaykhutdinov RA, MacInnis GD, Dowlatabadi R, Weljie AM, Vogel HJ. Quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations in human urine samples using 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics. 2009
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	42.32	39.22			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-015-0840-5
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			390.0	900.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Molecular You (https://molecularyou.com)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			10.52	77.60	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			15.72	337.6	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			17.19	149.88	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			18.55	127.26	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			21.27	154.41	umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			29.75	336.98	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Adipose tissue	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Epidermis	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Fibroblasts	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Intestine	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Kidney	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Neuron	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Pancreas	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Prostate	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Skeletal muscle	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Spleen	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Testis	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	16939360
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	16939360
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21389975
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	20300169
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18052033
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18085514
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21761941
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	20143319
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	26709303
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22892715
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27107423
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	27609529
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25037050
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	25985090
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057

External Links

HMDB ID

HMDB0000641

DrugBank ID

DB00130

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

KNApSAcK ID

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

18050

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Frayn KN, Khan K, Coppack SW, Elia M: Amino acid metabolism in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond). 1991 May;80(5):471-4. doi: 10.1042/cs0800471. [PubMed:1851687 ]
McAnena OJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, Parsons P: Selective uptake of glutamine in the gastrointestinal tract: confirmation in a human study. Br J Surg. 1991 Apr;78(4):480-2. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800780429. [PubMed:1903318 ]
Commodari F, Arnold DL, Sanctuary BC, Shoubridge EA: 1H NMR characterization of normal human cerebrospinal fluid and the detection of methylmalonic acid in a vitamin B12 deficient patient. NMR Biomed. 1991 Aug;4(4):192-200. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1940040407. [PubMed:1931558 ]
Cooper AJ: Ammonia metabolism in normal and portacaval-shunted rats. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990;272:23-46. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5826-8_2. [PubMed:2103690 ]
Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02756.x. [PubMed:6198473 ]
Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. doi: 10.1042/bj2170365. [PubMed:6696735 ]
van der Hulst RR, von Meyenfeldt MF, Deutz NE, Soeters PB: Glutamine extraction by the gut is reduced in depleted [corrected] patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Ann Surg. 1997 Jan;225(1):112-21. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199701000-00013. [PubMed:8998127 ]
Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P, Siedhoff HP, Koller M, Konig W, Furst P, Puchstein C: Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Surg. 1998 Feb;227(2):302-8. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199802000-00022. [PubMed:9488531 ]
Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4. doi: 10.1159/000022031. [PubMed:9693263 ]
Jian ZM, Cao JD, Zhu XG, Zhao WX, Yu JC, Ma EL, Wang XR, Zhu MW, Shu H, Liu YW: The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S62-6. doi: 10.1177/014860719902300516. [PubMed:10483898 ]
Coeffier M, Miralles-Barrachina O, Le Pessot F, Lalaude O, Daveau M, Lavoinne A, Lerebours E, Dechelotte P: Influence of glutamine on cytokine production by human gut in vitro. Cytokine. 2001 Feb 7;13(3):148-54. doi: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0813. [PubMed:11161457 ]
Boza JJ, Dangin M, Moennoz D, Montigon F, Vuichoud J, Jarret A, Pouteau E, Gremaud G, Oguey-Araymon S, Courtois D, Woupeyi A, Finot PA, Ballevre O: Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):G267-74. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.G267. [PubMed:11408280 ]
Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. doi: 10.1177/154405910208100613. [PubMed:12097436 ]
Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. doi: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00780-3. [PubMed:12297216 ]
Szebenyi G, Morfini GA, Babcock A, Gould M, Selkoe K, Stenoien DL, Young M, Faber PW, MacDonald ME, McPhaul MJ, Brady ST: Neuropathogenic forms of huntingtin and androgen receptor inhibit fast axonal transport. Neuron. 2003 Sep 25;40(1):41-52. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00569-5. [PubMed:14527432 ]
Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. doi: 10.1023/b:nere.0000010461.34920.0c. [PubMed:14992292 ]
Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. doi: 10.1002/nbm.944. [PubMed:15627241 ]
Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.02.013. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed:15911239 ]
Melis GC, Boelens PG, van der Sijp JR, Popovici T, De Bandt JP, Cynober L, van Leeuwen PA: The feeding route (enteral or parenteral) affects the plasma response of the dipetide Ala-Gln and the amino acids glutamine, citrulline and arginine, with the administration of Ala-Gln in preoperative patients. Br J Nutr. 2005 Jul;94(1):19-26. doi: 10.1079/bjn20051463. [PubMed:16115328 ]
Wada A, Yoshida R, Oda K, Fukuba E, Uchida N, Kitagaki H: Acute encephalopathy associated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005 Oct;26(9):2311-5. [PubMed:16219838 ]
Avila J, Barbaro B, Gangemi A, Romagnoli T, Kuechle J, Hansen M, Shapiro J, Testa G, Sankary H, Benedetti E, Lakey J, Oberholzer J: Intra-ductal glutamine administration reduces oxidative injury during human pancreatic islet isolation. Am J Transplant. 2005 Dec;5(12):2830-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01109.x. [PubMed:16302995 ]
Choudry HA, Pan M, Karinch AM, Souba WW: Branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutritional support in surgical and cancer patients. J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1 Suppl):314S-8S. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.1.314S. [PubMed:16365105 ]
Rutten EP, Engelen MP, Wouters EF, Schols AM, Deutz NE: Metabolic effects of glutamine and glutamate ingestion in healthy subjects and in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):115-23. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.1.115. [PubMed:16400059 ]
Pennisi P, Gavrilova O, Setser-Portas J, Jou W, Santopietro S, Clemmons D, Yakar S, LeRoith D: Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I treatment inhibits gluconeogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinology. 2006 Jun;147(6):2619-30. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-1556. Epub 2006 Mar 2. [PubMed:16513827 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Showing metabocard for L-Glutamine (MMDBc0000129)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007fdb448723d8>