MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for D-Galactose (MMDBc0000043)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:28:17 UTC

Update Date

2022-08-30 23:14:24 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000043

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

D-Galactose

Description

D-Galactose (CAS: 59-23-4) is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. D-Galactose is an energy-providing nutrient and also a necessary basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in the body. Metabolic pathways for D-galactose are important not only for the provision of these pathways but also for the prevention of D-galactose metabolite accumulation. The main source of D-galactose is lactose in the milk of mammals, but it can also be found in some fruits and vegetables. Utilization of D-galactose in all living cells is initiated by the phosphorylation of the hexose by the enzyme galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6) (GALK) to form D-galactose-1-phosphate. In the presence of D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12) (GALT) D-galactose-1-phosphate is exchanged with glucose-1-phosphate in UDP-glucose to form UDP-galactose. Glucose-1-phosphate will then enter the glycolytic pathway for energy production. Deficiency of the enzyme GALT in galactosemic patients leads to the accumulation of D-galactose-1-phosphate. Classic galactosemia, a term that denotes the presence of D-galactose in the blood, is the rare inborn error of D-galactose metabolism, diagnosed by the deficiency of the second enzyme of the D-galactose assimilation pathway, GALT, which, in turn, is caused by mutations at the GALT gene (PMID: 15256214 , 11020650 , 10408771 ). Galactose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 03-SEP-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   03-SEP-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0      21.231 -30.077   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  O   UNK     0      23.898 -33.157   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    3  O   UNK     0      21.231 -34.697   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    4  O   UNK     0      18.564 -33.157   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0      18.564 -30.077   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0      22.565 -32.387   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0      21.231 -33.157   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0      22.565 -30.847   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0      19.897 -32.387   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0      19.897 -30.847   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   11  O   UNK     0      23.898 -30.077   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   12  O   UNK     0      17.230 -30.847   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    8   10                                                       
CONECT    2    6                                                            
CONECT    3    7                                                            
CONECT    4    9                                                            
CONECT    5   10   12                                                       
CONECT    6    2    7    8                                                  
CONECT    7    3    6    9                                                  
CONECT    8    1    6   11                                                  
CONECT    9    4    7   10                                                  
CONECT   10    1    9    5                                                  
CONECT   11    8                                                            
CONECT   12    5                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   12    0   24    0
END

Synonyms

Value	Source
ALPHA D-GALACTOSE	ChEBI
alpha-D-Gal	ChEBI
Gal-alpha	ChEBI
alpha-D-Galactose	Kegg
a D-GALACTOSE	Generator
Α D-galactose	Generator
a-D-Gal	Generator
Α-D-gal	Generator
Gal-a	Generator
Gal-α	Generator
a-D-Galactose	Generator
Α-D-galactose	Generator
(+)-Galactose	HMDB
5Abp	HMDB
8Abp	HMDB
alpha-D-Galactopyranose	HMDB
D-(+)-Galactose	HMDB
D-Hexose	HMDB
GAL	HMDB
Galactose	HMDB
Galactose (NF)	HMDB
GLA	HMDB
GLC	HMDB
Hexose	HMDB
SHU 508 a	MeSH, HMDB
SH-TA-508	MeSH, HMDB
SHU 508	MeSH, HMDB
Levovist	MeSH, HMDB
SHU-508	MeSH, HMDB

Molecular Formula

C₆H₁₂O₆

Average Mass

180.1559

Monoisotopic Mass

180.063388116

IUPAC Name

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol

Traditional Name

galactose

CAS Registry Number

3646-73-9

SMILES

OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6+/m1/s1

InChI Key

WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic oxygen compounds

Class

Organooxygen compounds

Sub Class

Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates

Direct Parent

Hexoses

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Hexose monosaccharide
Oxane
Secondary alcohol
Hemiacetal
Oxacycle
Organoheterocyclic compound
Polyol
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary alcohol
Alcohol
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

D-galactopyranose (CHEBI:28061 )

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	782 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-2.6	ALOGPS
logP	-2.9	ChemAxon
logS	0.64	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	11.3	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-3	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	6	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	5	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	110.38 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	1	ChemAxon
Refractivity	35.92 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	16.13 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-066s-0941000000-8f1b68655e0a5ed179e3	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ldj-0941000000-84c771fab416aa0a40d8	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ktb-0931000000-6f37a774d1ab64585c8d	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-066s-0931000000-9945093085ef7b0de618	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ldj-0931000000-1ed532d5d2897be775df	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-9731000000-af5bd67ad0bbb2997839	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-9621000000-9dad5bd1760a891ace2a	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fr2-0920000000-d0bbaf502997c43971ba	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fr2-1920000000-f47f0b66263744db15ba	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-066s-0941000000-8f1b68655e0a5ed179e3	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ldj-0941000000-84c771fab416aa0a40d8	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ktb-0931000000-6f37a774d1ab64585c8d	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-066s-0931000000-9945093085ef7b0de618	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ldj-0931000000-1ed532d5d2897be775df	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-9731000000-af5bd67ad0bbb2997839	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-9621000000-9dad5bd1760a891ace2a	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fr2-0920000000-d0bbaf502997c43971ba	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fr2-1920000000-f47f0b66263744db15ba	2018-05-25	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0np0-9700000000-e8d638dc817e46b97d7b	2016-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (5 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-004i-6122690000-eaf6f7adf34ccd0c667b	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0f6t-0900000000-70d3989fddd34b894c77	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00ri-9700000000-d454170b4e3ed18ed2d9	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-007a-9300000000-81f5f12f84924a34e2c0	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 10V, negative	splash10-059i-9100000000-33aacf4c62b17cfa394e	2020-07-21	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 20V, negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-79ea696263aaad168701	2020-07-21	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 40V, negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-480461c1cdd9d138dce2	2020-07-21	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-059i-9100000000-33aacf4c62b17cfa394e	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-79ea696263aaad168701	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-480461c1cdd9d138dce2	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-01q9-0900000000-b0bc47623e7b2ca31c02	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-03ea-3900000000-648e1637af29cf2a3518	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0007-9200000000-9e6f46a1cbf52d6e347a	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-004i-2900000000-a4ec4f0b1e29e360a952	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-01t9-6900000000-7b3ea9c64ecc8d4ac867	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-052f-9100000000-ec2bf4918640a0a36398	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-004i-2900000000-2448926b508622464fe7	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-056r-8900000000-4c073cb93b78120113e6	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4l-9000000000-ece70093ab5d3c331ac4	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-01qa-0900000000-04ceb34d441ff6a75763	2021-09-25	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-03dl-9400000000-a8f1ceab155611f949c1	2021-09-25	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-01ow-9000000000-358f68fc2b7a72c27546	2021-09-25	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)		2016-10-22	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2021-10-10	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 400 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Extracellular
Lysosome

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Brain
Breast Milk
Cellular Cytoplasm
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Liver
Prostate
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Brain
Liver
Prostate

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0191761	Aldose reductase	Unknown	P15121	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191882	Hexokinase-3	Enzyme	P52790	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191883	Hexokinase-2	Enzyme	P52789	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191885	Hexokinase-1	Enzyme	P19367	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191985	Galactocerebrosidase	Enzyme	P54803	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192033	Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase	Enzyme	P09848	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192361	Alpha-galactosidase A	Enzyme	P06280	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192463	Beta-galactosidase	Enzyme	P16278	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192742	N-acetylgalactosamine kinase	Enzyme	Q01415	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192956	Galactokinase	Enzyme	P51570	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193440	N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase	Unknown	P34059	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193796	Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal	Enzyme	O43451	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194024	Neutral alpha-glucosidase C	Enzyme	Q8TET4	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194390	Collectin-12	Unknown	Q5KU26	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196842	Putative hexokinase HKDC1	Unknown	Q2TB90

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Metabolic Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Reaction Type	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0001266	D-Galactose	Galactitol	Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member a1 (aldehyde reductase)	D-Galactose:NADP+ 1-Oxidoreductase	VMH	12704219
MMDBr0001267	D-Galactose	D-Galactose	Not Available	Galactose Transport (Uniport)	VMH	10421229 10821868 10860996 11247674 11592815 11882499 12135767 12750891 1701966 2182619 3103217 3170580 3399500 3839598 7926364 8504756 9230074 9770484
MMDBr0001268	D-Galactose	D-Galactose	Not Available	Galactose Efflux from Lysosome	VMH	1751541 8993166
MMDBr0001536	Water	D-Galactose	Galactosidase, beta 1	B-Galactosidase, Extracellular	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0001537	Water	D-Galactose	Cathepsin a	B-Galactosidase, Lysosomal	VMH	11550799 1755850 1794986 1953646 2111707 3143362 39554 7213753 7575473 8985184 9020182 9054950
MMDBr0002630	Water	D-Galactose	Galactosidase, alpha	Galactosylglycerol Galactohydrolase	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0004343	Galactosylsphingosine	D-Galactose	Galactosylceramidase	Galactosylceramidase	VMH	8281145
MMDBr0005679	D-Galactose	D-Galactose	Not Available	Galactose Transport via Sodium Symport	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007062	Water	D-Galactose	Not Available	A-galactosidase (melibiose)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007077	Water	D-Galactose	Not Available	B-galactosidase	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007136	Water	D-Galactose	Not Available	Raffinose galactohydrolase	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007146	Water	D-Galactose	Not Available	A-galactosidase (stachyose)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007422	D-Galactose	D-Galactose	Not Available	D-Galactose Transport via Proton Symport	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007822	Adenosine triphosphate	ADP	Not Available	Galactokinase	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007825	Adenosine triphosphate	ADP	Not Available	D-galactose transport via ABC system	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010659	D-Galactose	D-Galactose	Solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1	HMR_8877	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0013791	D-Galactose	D-galactono-1,5-lactone	L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD(P)(+))	Dehydrogenation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0014086	D-Galactose	D-galactono-1,4-lactone	L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD(P)(+))	Dehydrogenation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0014418	D-Galactose	D-galacto-hexodialdose	Galactose oxidase	Oxidation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0016992	D-Galactose	D-galactono-1,5-lactone	Carbohydrate oxidase	Oxidation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0017047	Adenosine triphosphate	ADP	Galactose/methyl galactoside import ATP-binding protein MglA	Transport	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0018323	D-Galactose	Hydrogen Ion	Galactokinase	Phosphorylation	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0018324	beta-D-Galactose	D-Galactose	Aldose 1-epimerase	Epimerization	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0018433	Melibiose	D-Glucose	Alpha-galactosidase	Hydrolysis	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0019488	beta-D-Galactose	D-Galactose	Bifunctional protein GAL10		PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0019489	D-Galactose	Hydrogen Ion	Galactokinase	Phosphorylation	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0024454	D-Galactose	Hydrogen Ion	Galactokinase	Phosphorylation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0025319	D-Galactose	L-Histidine	PTS system galactose-specific EIIB component	Phosphorylation	RHEA	34755880

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
Galactosemia	Increased	Association	Human Cellular Cytoplasm	HMDB	11901058
Galactosemia type 1		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	11092512
Eosinophilic esophagitis		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	297	Human ; Pig ; Human feces; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human stool; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal; Human subgingival plaque; Chicken ; Human supragingival plaque; Human sputum	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Bacteroidetes	207	Human saliva; Human stool; Human feces; Human urine; Human ; Human appendix biopsy; Human gastric fluid; Human supragingival plaque; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Spirochaetes	7	Human feces; Human	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	9	Human feces; Human saliva; Human supragingival plaque	Microbial culture; Unknown
Bacteria	Firmicutes	764	Human ; Human feces; Human urine; Human mucosa; Human stool; Human supragingival plaque; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque; Human sputum; Human vaginal fluid; Human pleural fluid plaque; Pig ; Cattle	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Actinobacteria	211	Human ; Human feces; Human saliva; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human stool; Human sputum; Human bronchial brush; Human nasopharyngeal swab; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Fungi	Ascomycota	1		Microbial culture
Archaea	Euryarchaeota	1		Microbial culture
Bacteria	Deinococcus-thermus	2		Microbial culture
Archaea	Crenarchaeota	4	Human feces	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Tenericutes	1		Microbial culture
Bacteria	Chloroflexi	1		Microbial culture
Eukaryota	Parabasalia	1		Microbial culture
Bacteria	Verrucomicrobia	2	Human ; Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Fusobacteria	40	Human feces; Human ; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/NULL	Proteobacteria	1	Human ; Pig ; Human feces; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human stool; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal; Human subgingival plaque; Chicken ; Human supragingival plaque; Human sputum	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea/Archaea	Euryarchaeota	2		Microbial culture

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Species	Data Source	Reference
Animal	Spirulina	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Lota lota	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Porphyra umbilicalis	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Chondrus crispus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Laminaria	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Strombidae	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Haliotis	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Clupea harengus harengus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Undaria pinnatifida	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Peprilus triacanthus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Rhodophyta	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Myoxocephalus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Eucheuma	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Saccharina japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Raphanus sativus var. niger	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ginkgo biloba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Photinia melanocarpa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pouteria sapota	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus ursinus x idaeus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus avium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Camellia sinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phaseolus vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vicia faba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cirsium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dysphania ambrosioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Opuntia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Piper nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salix pulchra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Daucus carota ssp. sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dioscorea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nuphar lutea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium ovatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Syzygium jambos	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Momordica charantia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Thymus pulegioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum vulgare	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mespilus germanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus maxima	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. perviridis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis vinifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum annuum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pleurotus ostreatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Colocasia esculenta	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salvia elegans	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Anthriscus cerefolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha aquatica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pachyrhizus erosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phaseolus coccineus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes uva-crispa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cydonia oblonga	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lupinus albus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cichorium endivia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Myristica fragrans	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Elaeis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cinnamomum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Feijoa sellowiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum melongena	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salvia officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fagus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Empetrum nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Myrica rubra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Crocus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sagittaria latifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tilia tomentosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. italica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona muricata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rheum rhabarbarum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium angustifolium x vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lablab purpureus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Syzygium cumini	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Typha angustifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Opuntia cochenillifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tamarindus indica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Angelica keiskei	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cocos nucifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hyssopus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Valerianella locusta	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vanilla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sambucus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Borago officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sisymbrium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium vitis-idaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus spectabilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Scorzonera hispanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Olea europaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Physalis philadelphica var. immaculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carya	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Psidium guajava	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cuminum cyminum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ipomoea aquatica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cantharellus cibarius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Manihot esculenta	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Opuntia macrorhiza	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Raphanus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Daucus carota	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Morus nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum tuberosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus dulcis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Illicium verum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea l. var. capitata l. f. alba dc.	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna radiata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium cepa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Passiflora edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sinapis alba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans ailanthifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica ruvo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pinus edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fragaria x ananassa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Musa x paradisiaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens var. secalinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Auricularia auricula-judae	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Polygonum alpinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus idaeus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chamaemelum nobile	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Arachis hypogaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Melissa officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hippophae rhamnoides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pyrus communis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Manilkara zapota	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sambucus nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Abelmoschus esculentus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Moringa oleifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Auricularia polytricha	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna angularis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus arcticus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Malus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum lycopersicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Laurus nobilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Corylus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rumex articus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes aureum var. villosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha spicata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mangifera indica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pediomelum esculentum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chrysanthemum coronarium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eleocharis dulcis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Attalea speciosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Helianthus annuus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica juncea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pimenta dioica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Petroselinum crispum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Metroxylon sagu	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Camellia oleifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Zingiber officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Thymus vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hibiscus sabdariffa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis rotundifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pisum sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum majorana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Morus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Actinidia chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Medicago sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Benincasa hispida	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis labrusca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Canarium ovatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Myrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Agaricus bisporus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Spinacia oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carica papaya	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cyathea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cajanus cajan	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cynara scolymus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium angustifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Armoracia rusticana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna mungo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artemisia vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucumis metuliferus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans cinerea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nephelium lappaceum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Psidium cattleianum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Arctium lappa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Foeniculum vulgare	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artocarpus altilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea mollissima	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phytolacca americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium macrocarpon	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus persica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tetragonia tetragonioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brosimum alicastrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Thelesperma	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium elliottii	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lentinus edodes	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus x paradisi	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rosmarinus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phoenix dactylifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Levisticum officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Corylus avellana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chamerion angustifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus cerasus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lepidium sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Malpighia emarginata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ziziphus zizyphus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea crenata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Physalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pangium edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Matricaria recutita	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Helianthus tuberosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Grifola frondosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Litchi chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Quercus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hedysarum alpinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ficus carica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cynara cardunculus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens var. dulce	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Beta vulgaris var. rubra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dimocarpus longan	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Trigonella foenum-graecum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans regia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum pubescens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pimpinella anisum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. sabauda	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna aconitifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis aestivalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica napus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Xanthosoma sagittifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eugenia javanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salvia hispanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus aurantiifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium stamineum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Crateva religiosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica alboglabra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Agave	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha arvensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artemisia dracunculus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Asparagus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mammea americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Byrsonima crassifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. viridis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Grataegosorbus mitschurinii	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitellaria paradoxa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona squamosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lactuca sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Basella alba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eragrostis tef	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Diospyros	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Punica granatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Amaranthus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum x majoricum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pistacia vera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Beta vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Gossypium	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus latifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carya illinoinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes x nidigrolaria	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus chamaemorus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eugenia uniflora	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium tuberosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Diospyros virginiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lathyrus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes rubrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tragopogon porrifolius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Portulaca oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus x loganobaccus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rumex	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cinnamomum aromaticum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Gaylussacia baccata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ipomoea batatas	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Garcinia mangostana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium ampeloprasum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chenopodium album	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucumis sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sesbania bispinosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Curcuma longa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Malus pumila	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona reticulata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita maxima	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sechium edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Elettaria cardamomum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Amelanchier alnifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pastinaca sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Taraxacum officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Petasites japonicus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium myrtilloides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium ascalonicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lactuca sativa l. var. longifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Matteuccia struthiopteris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. conica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dioscorea pentaphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tilia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cinnamomum verum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus tomentosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lippia graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Persea americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Corchorus olitorius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chenopodium quinoa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cichorium intybus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium deliciosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Maranta arundinacea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucumis melo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ananas comosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha x piperita	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nelumbo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita moschata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Macadamia tetraphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Macadamia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capparis spinosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens var. rapaceum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Papaver	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus virginiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ocimum basilicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum annuum var. annuum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sorbus aucuparia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. pekinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus limon	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carissa macrocarpa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. costata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Panax	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona cherimola	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Satureja hortensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sesamum orientale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna umbellata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus occidentalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium fistulosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lagenaria siceraria	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artocarpus heterophyllus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Glycine max	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lupinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tilia cordata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phaseolus lunatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Musa acuminata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lens culinaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes glandulosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Luffa aegyptiaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cymbopogon citratus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium alaskaense	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Verbena officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus sinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Durio zibethinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium oxycoccos	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phyllostachys edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Linum usitatissimum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Aloysia triphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium parvifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carum carvi	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium schoenoprasum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum chinense	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrullus lanatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Averrhoa carambola	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nelumbo nucifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus armeniaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus domestica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Bertholletia excelsa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus reticulata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ceratonia siliqua	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. rapa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Coriandrum sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Anethum graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium reticulatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Satureja montana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium arboreum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum quitoense	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carthamus tinctorius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum onites	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cicer arietinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Oenothera biennis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus persica var. nucipersica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Anacardium occidentale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Perideridia oregana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica napus var. pabularia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Wasabia japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eriobotrya japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Diospyros kaki	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Virola surinamensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium uliginosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Viburnum edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rumex acetosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Theobroma cacao	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pyrus pyrifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Raphanus sativus var. sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. capitata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus persica var. persica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Theobroma grandiflorum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium myrtillus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Flammulina velutipes	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Syzygium aromaticum	FooDB	31437929

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	2.72		0.58	3.98	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency (galactosemia)	HMDB	11092512
Human Cellular cytoplasm	Detected and Quantified	1496.5		921.0	2070	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Galactosemia	HMDB	11901058
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	2.720		0.580	3.980	uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Galactosemia type 1	HMDB	11092512
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	<110				uM	Infant (0-1 year old)		Patent Ductus Venosus	HMDB	9296537
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			330	440	uM	Children (1-13 years old)		Patent Ductus Venosus	HMDB	9296537
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			440	1110	uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)		Patent Ductus Venosus	HMDB	9296537
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	<110				uM	Infant (0-1 year old)		Normal	HMDB	9296537
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	<440				uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)		Normal	HMDB	9296537
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			0	500	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25012580
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.0		0.0	5.0	uM	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	14988808
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	11.9		5.4	25.2	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	262.58	881.72			umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	2026685
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.3		1.3	8.5	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Cellular cytoplasm	Detected and Quantified	4.6		0.0	9.2	uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	11901058
Human Feces	Detected and Quantified	746.576	394.103			nmol/g wet feces	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20669995
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			85	140	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	31506554
Human Breast milk	Detected and Quantified	92.3	49.1			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	24027187
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	12.219	17.901			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	10.034	12.935			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	15.0		0.0	33.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	166.0	99.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	17		0	39	uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	210.0	92.0			uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.8		0.0	11.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	39.0	12.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.4		0.0	31.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.0		0.0	19.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	88.3	34.7			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	83.46	31.16			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Zerihun T. Dame, Farid Aziat, Rupasri Mandal, Ram Krishnamurthy, Souhaila Bouatra, Shima Borzouie, An Chi Guo, Tanvir Sajed, Lu Deng, Hong Lin, Philip Liu, Edison Dong, David S. Wishart "The human saliva metabolome" Metabolomics (2015) DOI 10.1007/s11306-015-0840-5
Human Brain	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Liver	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Prostate	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	12097436
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20669995
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22411374
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24029555
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25037050
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	25985090

External Links

HMDB ID

HMDB0000143

DrugBank ID

Not Available

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB021787

KNApSAcK ID

C00001119

Chemspider ID

Not Available

KEGG Compound ID

C00984

BioCyc ID

ALPHA-D-GALACTOSE

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Galactose

METLIN ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound

439357

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

28061

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Rapoport EM, Nekrasov MV, Khaidukov SV, Svirshchevskaya EV, Zhigis LS, Kozlov LV, Batalova TN, Zubov VP, Bovin NV: Cellular localization of the galactose-binding lectin from human serum. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Nov;65(11):1316-20. [PubMed:11112850 ]
Xu J, Ma M, Purcell WM: Optimizing the enzymatic determination of galactose in the culture medium of rat liver and HepG2 cell spheroids. Anal Biochem. 2002 Dec 15;311(2):179-81. doi: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00400-1. [PubMed:12470678 ]
Seiler CA, Renner EL, Czerniak A, Didonna D, Buchler MW, Reichen J: Early acute cellular rejection: no effect on late hepatic allograft function in man. Transpl Int. 1999;12(3):195-201. doi: 10.1007/s001470050210. [PubMed:10429957 ]
Schadewaldt P, Hammen HW, Loganathan K, Bodner-Leidecker A, Wendel U: Analysis of concentration and (13)C enrichment of D-galactose in human plasma. Clin Chem. 2000 May;46(5):612-9. [PubMed:10794741 ]
Fenn PT, Ning C, Segal S, Blair IA: Determination of [(13)C]galactose enrichment in human plasma by gas chromatography/positive chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom. 2000 Feb;35(2):218-23. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(200002)35:2<218::AID-JMS932>3.0.CO;2-8. [PubMed:10679984 ]
van den Nieuwenhof IM, Renardel de Lavalette C, Diaz N, van Die I, van den Berg TK: Differential galactosylation of neuronal and haematopoietic signal regulatory protein-alpha determines its cellular binding-specificity. J Cell Sci. 2001 Apr;114(Pt 7):1321-9. doi: 10.1242/jcs.114.7.1321. [PubMed:11256998 ]
Hernandez DE, Cohen A, Fisher D, Correnti M, Harner R: Antibody levels against galactosyl (alpha1 --> 3) galactose epitopes in cervical mucus from patients with human papillomavirus infection. Gynecol Oncol. 2002 Mar;84(3):374-7. doi: 10.1006/gyno.2001.6516. [PubMed:11855872 ]
Ono H, Mawatari H, Mizoguchi N, Eguchi T, Sakura N, Hamakawa M: Transient galactosemia detected by neonatal mass screening. Pediatr Int. 1999 Jun;41(3):281-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1442-200x.1999.01070.x. [PubMed:10365579 ]
Tamamori A, Fujimoto A, Okano Y, Kobayashi K, Saheki T, Tagami Y, Takei H, Shigematsu Y, Hata I, Ozaki H, Tokuhara D, Nishimura Y, Yorifuji T, Igarashi N, Ohura T, Shimizu T, Inui K, Sakai N, Abukawa D, Miyakawa T, Matsumori M, Ban K, Kaneko H, Yamano T: Effects of citrin deficiency in the perinatal period: feasibility of newborn mass screening for citrin deficiency. Pediatr Res. 2004 Oct;56(4):608-14. doi: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000139713.64264.BC. Epub 2004 Aug 4. [PubMed:15295082 ]
Wang ZJ, Berry GT, Dreha SF, Zhao H, Segal S, Zimmerman RA: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain metabolites in galactosemia. Ann Neurol. 2001 Aug;50(2):266-9. doi: 10.1002/ana.1102. [PubMed:11506413 ]
Niebroj-Dobosz I, Janik P, Jamrozik Z, Kwiecinski H: Immunochemical quantification of glycoconjugates in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol. 1999 May;6(3):335-40. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.1999.630335.x. [PubMed:10210915 ]
Schmidt LE, Ott P, Tygstrup N: Galactose elimination capacity as a prognostic marker in patients with severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: 10 years' experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 May;2(5):418-24. doi: 10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00128-4. [PubMed:15118981 ]
Vironen J, Kellokumpu S, Andersson LC, Kellokumpu I: Comparison of a peanut agglutinin test and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test in detecting colorectal neoplasia in symptomatic patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2004 Apr;64(2):140-5. doi: 10.1080/00365510410004876. [PubMed:15115252 ]
Yago H, Kohgo Y, Kato J, Watanabe N, Sakamaki S, Niitsu Y: Detection and quantification of soluble asialoglycoprotein receptor in human serum. Hepatology. 1995 Feb;21(2):383-8. [PubMed:7843709 ]
Chen J, Yager C, Reynolds R, Palmieri M, Segal S: Erythrocyte galactose 1-phosphate quantified by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2002;48(4):604-12. [PubMed:11901058 ]
Mizoguchi N, Ono H, Eguchi T, Sakura N: Galactose metabolites in blood from neonates with and without hypergalactosaemia detected by mass screening. Eur J Pediatr. 2000 Nov;159(11):851-3. doi: 10.1007/pl00008352. [PubMed:11079200 ]
Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. doi: 10.1177/154405910208100613. [PubMed:12097436 ]
Ning C, Segal S: Plasma galactose and galactitol concentration in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency galactosemia: determination by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Metabolism. 2000 Nov;49(11):1460-6. doi: 10.1053/meta.2000.9512. [PubMed:11092512 ]
Ning C, Reynolds R, Chen J, Yager C, Berry GT, McNamara PD, Leslie N, Segal S: Galactose metabolism by the mouse with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 2000 Aug;48(2):211-7. doi: 10.1203/00006450-200008000-00015. [PubMed:10926297 ]
Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80571-s. [PubMed:2026685 ]
Cavalli C, Teng C, Battaglia FC, Bevilacqua G: Free sugar and sugar alcohol concentrations in human breast milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Feb;42(2):215-21. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000189341.38634.77. [PubMed:16456418 ]
Shamsuddin AM, Tyner GT, Yang GY: Common expression of the tumor marker D-galactose-beta-[1-->3]-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine by different adenocarcinomas: evidence of field effect phenomenon. Cancer Res. 1995 Jan 1;55(1):149-52. [PubMed:7805025 ]
Wan CC, Muldrey JE, Li SC, Li YT: beta-Mannosidase from the mushroom Polyporus sulfureus. J Biol Chem. 1976 Jul 25;251(14):4384-8. [PubMed:6478 ]
Redaelli CA, Dufour JF, Wagner M, Schilling M, Husler J, Krahenbuhl L, Buchler MW, Reichen J: Preoperative galactose elimination capacity predicts complications and survival after hepatic resection. Ann Surg. 2002 Jan;235(1):77-85. doi: 10.1097/00000658-200201000-00010. [PubMed:11753045 ]
Rudzeviciene O, Narkeviciute I, Eidukevicius R: Lactose malabsorption in young Lithuanian children with atopic dermatitis. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Apr;93(4):482-6. [PubMed:15188975 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
Lai K, Klapa MI: Alternative pathways of galactose assimilation: could inverse metabolic engineering provide an alternative to galactosemic patients? Metab Eng. 2004 Jul;6(3):239-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2004.01.001. [PubMed:15256214 ]
Liu G, Hale GE, Hughes CL: Galactose metabolism and ovarian toxicity. Reprod Toxicol. 2000 Sep-Oct;14(5):377-84. doi: 10.1016/s0890-6238(00)00096-4. [PubMed:11020650 ]
Tyfield L, Reichardt J, Fridovich-Keil J, Croke DT, Elsas LJ 2nd, Strobl W, Kozak L, Coskun T, Novelli G, Okano Y, Zekanowski C, Shin Y, Boleda MD: Classical galactosemia and mutations at the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) gene. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(6):417-30. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:6<417::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-0. [PubMed:10408771 ]

Showing metabocard for D-Galactose (MMDBc0000043)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f5a98513db8>