MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for D-Fructose (MMDBc0000360)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-12-10 18:36:06 UTC

Update Date

2024-04-30 19:31:55 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000360

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

D-Fructose

Description

Fructose, or levulose, is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose (C6H12O6). Pure fructose has a sweet taste similar to cane sugar, but with a "fruity" aroma. Pure, dry fructose is a sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid, and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars. Although fructose is a hexose (6-carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose). This structure is responsible for the long metabolic pathway and high reactivity compared to glucose. Fructose is a reducing sugar, as are all monosaccharides. Fructose is found in many foods including honey, tree fruits, berries, melons, and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips, and onions. Commercially, fructose is derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and maize. Fructose is also derived from the digestion of sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose that is broken down by enzymes during digestion. Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar, estimated to be twice as sweet as sucrose. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding. Excessive consumption of fructose (especially from sugar-sweetened beverages) may contribute to insulin resistance, obesity, elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome (PMID: 26429086 ). Fructose exists in foods either as a monosaccharide (free fructose) or as a unit of a disaccharide (sucrose). Free fructose is absorbed directly by the intestine. When fructose is consumed in the form of sucrose, it is digested (broken down) and then absorbed as free fructose. As sucrose comes into contact with the membrane of the small intestine, the enzyme sucrase catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose to yield one glucose unit and one fructose unit, which are then each absorbed. After absorption, it enters the hepatic portal vein and is directed toward the liver. fructose absorption occurs on the mucosal membrane via facilitated transport involving GLUT5 transport proteins. Since the concentration of fructose is higher in the lumen, fructose is able to flow down a concentration gradient into the enterocytes, assisted by transport proteins. Fructose may be transported out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane by either GLUT2 or GLUT5, although the GLUT2 transporter has a greater capacity for transporting fructose, and, therefore, the majority of fructose is transported out of the enterocyte through GLUT2. The catabolism of fructose is sometimes referred to as fructolysis. In fructolysis, the enzyme fructokinase produces fructose 1-phosphate, which is split by aldolase B to produce the trioses dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. Unlike glycolysis, in fructolysis the triose glyceraldehyde lacks a phosphate group. A third enzyme, triokinase, is therefore required to phosphorylate glyceraldehyde, producing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The resulting trioses can enter the gluconeogenic pathway for glucose or glycogen synthesis, or be further catabolized through the lower glycolytic pathway to pyruvate. Fructose metabolism leads to significant increases of plasma uric acid levels (PMID: 28420204 ). In fructolysis, fructose 1-phosphate accumulates, and intracellular phosphate decreases. This decrease stimulates AMP deaminase (AMPD), which catalyzes the degradation of AMP to inosine monophosphate, increasing the rate of purine degradation (PMID: 28420204 ). The purine degradation produces uric acid and generates mitochondrial oxidants. Mitochondrial oxidative stress then induces aconitase inhibition in the Krebs cycle, with accumulation of citrate and stimulation of ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthase (PMID: 28420204 ). The result is de novo lipogenesis and hepatic fat accumulation. Physiologically, the increase in intracellular uric acid is followed by an acute rise in circulating levels of uric acid, which is likely due to its release from the liver. Fructose also stimulates uric acid synthesis from amino acid precursors such as glycine. Moreover, long-term fructose administration suppresses renal excretion of uric acid, resulting in elevated serum uric acid levels.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 04-SEP-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE:                                                   
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   04-SEP-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0      25.688 -16.394   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0      25.220 -17.818   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  O   UNK     0      24.412 -15.470   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0      26.766 -15.291   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  O   UNK     0      27.099 -16.907   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0      23.667 -17.818   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  O   UNK     0      26.124 -19.075   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0      23.167 -16.362   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  O   UNK     0      28.171 -15.939   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   10  O   UNK     0      22.769 -19.082   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   11  C   UNK     0      21.698 -15.900   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   12  O   UNK     0      20.775 -17.138   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    2    3    4    5                                             
CONECT    2    1    6    7                                                  
CONECT    3    1    8                                                       
CONECT    4    1    9                                                       
CONECT    5    1                                                            
CONECT    6    2   10    8                                                  
CONECT    7    2                                                            
CONECT    8    3   11    6                                                  
CONECT    9    4                                                            
CONECT   10    6                                                            
CONECT   11    8   12                                                       
CONECT   12   11                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   12    0   24    0
END

Synonyms

Value	Source
beta-D-Arabino-hexulose	ChEBI
beta-D-Fructose	ChEBI
beta-Fruit sugar	ChEBI
beta-Levulose	ChEBI
FRUCTOSE	ChEBI
b-D-Arabino-hexulose	Generator
Β-D-arabino-hexulose	Generator
b-D-Fructose	Generator
Β-D-fructose	Generator
b-Fruit sugar	Generator
Β-fruit sugar	Generator
b-Levulose	Generator
Β-levulose	Generator
beta-D-Fructofuranose	HMDB
beta-delta-Arabino-hexulose	HMDB
beta-delta-Fructofuranose	HMDB
beta-delta-Fructose	HMDB
D-(-)-Fructose	HMDB
delta-(-)-Fructose	HMDB
delta-Fructose	HMDB
FRU	HMDB
Fructon	HMDB
Levulose	HMDB
Braun brand OF fructose	HMDB
Fleboplast levulosa	HMDB
Fresenius kabi brand OF fructose	HMDB
Instituto farmacologico brand OF fructose	HMDB
Levulosa	HMDB
Levulosa ife	HMDB
Grifols brand OF fructose	HMDB
Levulosa baxter	HMDB
Levulosado braun	HMDB
Ern brand OF fructose	HMDB
Levulosa grifols	HMDB
Levulosa mein	HMDB
Levulosado vitulia	HMDB
Apir levulosa	HMDB
Baxter brand OF fructose	HMDB
Bieffe brand OF fructose	HMDB
Levulosa braun	HMDB
Levulosa ibys	HMDB
Levulosa, apir	HMDB
Levulosa, fleboplast	HMDB
Levulosado bieffe medit	HMDB
Plast apyr levulosa mein	HMDB

Molecular Formula

C₆H₁₂O₆

Average Mass

180.1559

Monoisotopic Mass

180.063388116

IUPAC Name

(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3,4-triol

Traditional Name

fructose

CAS Registry Number

Not Available

SMILES

OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-3-4(9)5(10)6(11,2-8)12-3/h3-5,7-11H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6-/m1/s1

InChI Key

RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as c-glycosyl compounds. These are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a C-glycosidic bond.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic oxygen compounds

Class

Organooxygen compounds

Sub Class

Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates

Direct Parent

C-glycosyl compounds

Alternative Parents

Substituents

C-glycosyl compound
Pentose monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Tetrahydrofuran
Secondary alcohol
Hemiacetal
Oxacycle
Organoheterocyclic compound
Polyol
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary alcohol
Alcohol
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

D-fructofuranose (CHEBI:28645 )

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	1110 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-2.4	ALOGPS
logP	-2.8	ChemAxon
logS	0.79	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	10.28	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-3	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	6	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	5	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	110.38 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	36.36 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	16.26 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-076r-9600000000-f2c06850d0c3db9ec103	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (5 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0fb9-5614950000-6ef14e948d063026f7ee	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_5) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_8) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_9) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_10) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_4) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_5) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_6) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0002-0900000000-2ce9036c30158be73d60	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00ri-9600000000-a826b29724713036f579	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-007a-9200000000-7621d8d96132cc999f4c	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 10V, negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-f40ae4502b6a2e3ac882	2020-07-21	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 20V, negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-a6de82c4270a43535ef4	2020-07-21	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 40V, negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-f9fa2c446096028a62b8	2020-07-21	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-f40ae4502b6a2e3ac882	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-a6de82c4270a43535ef4	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-f9fa2c446096028a62b8	2021-09-20	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-2afc98a319bf6041adf0	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-03ea-3900000000-1dd0cdea93f529e6ccb2	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0007-9100000000-d0f08ad6c9dee008067a	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-004i-2900000000-74b62c8ea3678afcff8a	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-01ta-1900000000-5a0f3f01ddf8c11c6370	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-93c2b00aa44481aa8630	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-056r-9800000000-b033c19e1db6b17bf7cf	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9500000000-01306ef5e3c5a271dfb2	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4l-9000000000-4e87bfc49b1664133053	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-6aefe19f3e63c1b3fbef	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-03gm-9500000000-d2f178dbda765758ef3d	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0btd-9000000000-62631cc26542b523e7d7	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)		2021-09-29	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2021-10-10	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)		2012-12-04	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)		2012-12-05	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Extracellular

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Liver
Placenta
Prostate
Saliva
Semen
Urine

Tissue Locations

Liver
Placenta
Prostate
Semen

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0191882	Hexokinase-3	Enzyme	P52790	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191883	Hexokinase-2	Enzyme	P52789	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191885	Hexokinase-1	Enzyme	P19367	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0191960	Sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal	Enzyme	P14410	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192160	Sorbitol dehydrogenase	Unknown	Q00796	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192803	Ketohexokinase	Enzyme	P50053	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193281	Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase	Enzyme	P10253	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193796	Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal	Enzyme	O43451	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0194024	Neutral alpha-glucosidase C	Enzyme	Q8TET4	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196656	14 kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase	Enzyme	Q9NRX4	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0196842	Putative hexokinase HKDC1	Unknown	Q2TB90
MMDBp0196890	Myotubularin-related protein 1	Unknown	Q13613
MMDBp0196891	Myotubularin-related protein 2	Unknown	Q13614
MMDBp0196892	Myotubularin-related protein 6	Unknown	Q9Y217
MMDBp0196893	Myotubularin-related protein 7	Unknown	Q9Y216

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Metabolic Reactions

Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0001526	D-Fructose	Fructose 1-phosphate	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0002097	Sorbitol	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0002187	Sucrose	D-Fructose	maltase-glucoamylase (alpha-glucosidase)	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0002517	D-Fructose	Fructose 6-phosphate	hexokinase 1	VMH	16906315 7061426 7150652 8717435
MMDBr0002518	Deoxyadenosine triphosphate	Fructose 6-phosphate	hexokinase 1	VMH	16906315 7061426 7150652 8717435
MMDBr0003900	Maltotetraose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	385176 8528071 890964
MMDBr0003922	Maltopentaose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	385176 8528071 890964
MMDBr0003928	Maltohexaose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	385176 8528071 890964
MMDBr0003936	Maltoheptaose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	385176 8528071 890964
MMDBr0003938	Maltodecaose	Maltononaose	Not Available	VMH	8528071 890964
MMDBr0007064	Sucrose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007137	Raffinose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007158	D-Glucose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007170	Sucrose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0007864	D-Fructose	Fructose 6-phosphate	Not Available	VMH; KEGG	30371894
MMDBr0008308	D-Mannitol	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0008444	Levanbiose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010632	Maltononaose	D-Fructose	amylase, alpha 1A (salivary)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010634	Maltoheptaose	D-Fructose	amylase, alpha 1A (salivary)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010636	Maltohexaose	D-Fructose	amylase, alpha 1A (salivary)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010638	Maltopentaose	D-Fructose	amylase, alpha 1A (salivary)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010640	Maltotetraose	D-Fructose	amylase, alpha 1A (salivary)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010642	Maltotriose	D-Fructose	amylase, alpha 1A (salivary)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010643	D-Maltose	D-Fructose	amylase, alpha 1A (salivary)	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010893	Inulin	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0010933	Fructose 1-phosphate	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894
MMDBr0011015	Levanbiose	D-Fructose	Not Available	VMH	30371894

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
Diabetes mellitus type 2	Decreased	Association	Human Blood	HMDB	11815509
Diabetes mellitus type 2		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	11815509
Eosinophilic esophagitis		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria	Firmicutes	862	Human ; Human supragingival plaque; Human stool; Human feces; Human saliva; Human mucosa; Human urine; Human sputum; Human subgingival plaque; Human vaginal fluid; Human pleural fluid plaque; Pig ; Cattle ; Goat feces; Sheep feces	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	351	Human feces; Human stool; Human sputum; Human ; Human unknown; Pig ; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal; Human subgingival plaque; Human supragingival plaque; Human mucosa; Human saliva	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Euryarchaeota	4	Human feces; Human	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Actinobacteria	266	Human feces; Human sputum; Human bronchial brush; Human nasopharyngeal swab; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human ; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human subgingival plaque; Human saliva; Human stool	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Verrucomicrobia	2	Human ; Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Bacteroidetes	187	Human feces; Human appendix biopsy; Human ; Human stool; Human saliva; Human gastric fluid; Human urine; Human supragingival plaque; Human subgingival plaque; Human mucosa; Human sputum	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Synergistetes	6	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Spirochaetes	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Thaumarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Fusobacteria	30	Human feces; Human ; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human saliva; Human subgingival plaque	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Candidatus melainabacteria	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Tenericutes	3	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Planctomycetes	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Crenarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	21	Human feces; Human supragingival plaque; Human saliva	Unknown
Eukaryota/Fungi	Basidiomycota	2	Human feces
Bacteria	Cyanobacteria	1

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Species	Data Source	Reference
Animal	Clupea harengus harengus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Undaria pinnatifida	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Peprilus triacanthus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Rhodophyta	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Myoxocephalus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Eucheuma	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Saccharina japonica	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Spirulina	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Lota lota	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Porphyra umbilicalis	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Chondrus crispus	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Laminaria	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Haliotis	FooDB	31437929
Animal	Strombidae	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus x loganobaccus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tragopogon porrifolius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium ascalonicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus chamaemorus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Amelanchier alnifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eugenia uniflora	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Taraxacum officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona reticulata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Curcuma longa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sesbania bispinosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Elettaria cardamomum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes x nidigrolaria	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ananas comosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Persea americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Garcinia mangostana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dioscorea pentaphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium tuberosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lathyrus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cichorium intybus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Corchorus olitorius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chenopodium quinoa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucumis melo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Gaylussacia baccata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Petasites japonicus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus tomentosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Maranta arundinacea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha x piperita	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cinnamomum verum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Matteuccia struthiopteris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita moschata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium myrtilloides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tilia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Macadamia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ocimum basilicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nelumbo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens var. rapaceum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Papaver	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. conica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Glycine max	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum annuum var. annuum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus limon	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lippia graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona cherimola	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. pekinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sesamum orientale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capparis spinosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium deliciosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus sinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artocarpus heterophyllus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus virginiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lens culinaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phaseolus lunatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Macadamia tetraphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Musa acuminata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carissa macrocarpa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrullus lanatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lagenaria siceraria	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Linum usitatissimum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Satureja hortensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sorbus aucuparia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phyllostachys edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Averrhoa carambola	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carum carvi	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium schoenoprasum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus reticulata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus domestica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus armeniaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. costata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Panax	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nelumbo nucifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. rapa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cymbopogon citratus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Bertholletia excelsa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ceratonia siliqua	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna umbellata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Luffa aegyptiaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Anethum graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Coriandrum sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus occidentalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium fistulosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tilia cordata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carthamus tinctorius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lupinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium alaskaense	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cicer arietinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Durio zibethinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Anacardium occidentale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus persica var. nucipersica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eriobotrya japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes glandulosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica napus var. pabularia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Verbena officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Oenothera biennis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium oxycoccos	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Diospyros kaki	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rumex acetosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Virola surinamensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Theobroma cacao	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Camellia sinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Aloysia triphylla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium parvifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum chinense	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. capitata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pyrus pyrifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium reticulatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum quitoense	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium myrtillus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phaseolus vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Daucus carota ssp. sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Theobroma grandiflorum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Syzygium aromaticum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ginkgo biloba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Satureja montana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Perideridia oregana	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Flammulina velutipes	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium arboreum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Wasabia japonica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum onites	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vicia faba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pouteria sapota	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus avium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Viburnum edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Piper nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis vinifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium uliginosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dioscorea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum vulgare	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum annuum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Momordica charantia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus ursinus x idaeus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cirsium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Raphanus sativus var. sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Opuntia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus persica var. persica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pleurotus ostreatus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Colocasia esculenta	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. italica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Anthriscus cerefolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum melongena	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nuphar lutea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pachyrhizus erosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lupinus albus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dysphania ambrosioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cichorium endivia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Raphanus sativus var. niger	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Myristica fragrans	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Elaeis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cinnamomum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Photinia melanocarpa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes uva-crispa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Feijoa sellowiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Syzygium jambos	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rheum rhabarbarum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Crocus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salix pulchra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lablab purpureus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fagus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus maxima	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cydonia oblonga	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salvia officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium ovatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Opuntia cochenillifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona muricata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Thymus pulegioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mespilus germanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phaseolus coccineus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. perviridis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cocos nucifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tamarindus indica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha aquatica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salvia elegans	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sagittaria latifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sambucus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Syzygium cumini	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Typha angustifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Psidium guajava	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Empetrum nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Myrica rubra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pinus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tilia tomentosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Olea europaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Valerianella locusta	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium angustifolium x vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sisymbrium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Daucus carota	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium vitis-idaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum tuberosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vanilla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carya	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Borago officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Physalis philadelphica var. immaculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Scorzonera hispanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hyssopus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Manihot esculenta	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Angelica keiskei	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Raphanus sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea l. var. capitata l. f. alba dc.	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ipomoea aquatica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus dulcis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus spectabilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna radiata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Musa x paradisiaca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cantharellus cibarius	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cuminum cyminum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sinapis alba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica ruvo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Fragaria x ananassa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pyrus communis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Morus nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens var. secalinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus idaeus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Arachis hypogaea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pinus edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Abelmoschus esculentus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Opuntia macrorhiza	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum lycopersicum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Moringa oleifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Passiflora edulis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Manilkara zapota	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna angularis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium cepa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Malus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha spicata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Corylus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sambucus nigra	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mangifera indica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Illicium verum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Helianthus annuus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes nigrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chamaemelum nobile	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Auricularia auricula-judae	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Zingiber officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Laurus nobilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Petroselinum crispum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans ailanthifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Attalea speciosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pisum sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Polygonum alpinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hippophae rhamnoides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Melissa officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pediomelum esculentum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Auricularia polytricha	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica juncea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium corymbosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Camellia oleifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chrysanthemum coronarium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eleocharis dulcis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Actinidia chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rubus arcticus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Spinacia oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carica papaya	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Thymus vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pimenta dioica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rumex articus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Medicago sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hibiscus sabdariffa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Agaricus bisporus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna mungo	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Canarium ovatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes aureum var. villosum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Benincasa hispida	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cajanus cajan	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Armoracia rusticana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum majorana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus persica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans cinerea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium macrocarpon	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Foeniculum vulgare	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Arctium lappa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phoenix dactylifera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Metroxylon sagu	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artocarpus altilis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis rotundifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Psidium cattleianum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cyathea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna unguiculata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brosimum alicastrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cynara scolymus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea mollissima	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Prunus cerasus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rosmarinus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lentinus edodes	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus x paradisi	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Morus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ficus carica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis labrusca	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lepidium sativum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Phytolacca americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Beta vulgaris var. rubra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Helianthus tuberosus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucumis metuliferus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Myrica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Grifola frondosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Nephelium lappaceum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Tetragonia tetragonioides	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artemisia vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Castanea crenata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Quercus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Corylus avellana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium angustifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Litchi chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Physalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Malpighia emarginata	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Thelesperma	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Juglans regia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Trigonella foenum-graecum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chamerion angustifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. sabauda	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium elliottii	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica napus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Levisticum officinale	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Asparagus officinalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ziziphus zizyphus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Dimocarpus longan	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Salvia hispanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus aurantiifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cynara cardunculus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pangium edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Matricaria recutita	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lactuca sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pimpinella anisum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitellaria paradoxa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Artemisia dracunculus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea var. viridis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Agave	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Hedysarum alpinum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eragrostis tef	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vigna aconitifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pistacia vera	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Diospyros	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Amaranthus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mammea americana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Malus pumila	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Punica granatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Annona squamosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Gossypium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica alboglabra	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Apium graveolens var. dulce	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Beta vulgaris	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Xanthosoma sagittifolium	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Basella alba	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Citrus latifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Byrsonima crassifolia	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Capsicum pubescens	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Carya illinoinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Crateva religiosa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vitis aestivalis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Eugenia javanica	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Mentha arvensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucumis sativus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Vaccinium stamineum	FooDB	31437929
Plant		FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica rapa var. chinensis	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cinnamomum aromaticum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ribes rubrum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Portulaca oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Ipomoea batatas	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Allium ampeloprasum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Chenopodium album	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Grataegosorbus mitschurinii	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Pastinaca sativa	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Cucurbita maxima	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Sechium edule	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Brassica oleracea	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Diospyros virginiana	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Origanum x majoricum	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Rumex	FooDB	31437929
Plant	Lactuca sativa l. var. longifolia	FooDB	31437929

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	12.00	3.8			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Diabetes	HMDB	11815509
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	8.4	7.0			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Diabetes	HMDB	11815509
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	160	91			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18502700
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	70.38	107.54			umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	2026685
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	94.126	154.083			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	129.518	61.708			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	240.0		220.0	260.0	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	31.0	3.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	48.0	16.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Liver	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Prostate	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Semen	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Saliva	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	22308371
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20669995
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22411374
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24029555
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24424155
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	25037050
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	28157703

External Links

HMDB ID

HMDB0000660

DrugBank ID

Not Available

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

KNApSAcK ID

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

PDB ID

ChEBI ID

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Bar A: Characteristics and significance of D-tagatose-induced liver enlargement in rats: An interpretative review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;29(2 Pt 2):S83-93. doi: 10.1006/rtph.1999.1298. [PubMed:10341166 ]
Andrade-Rocha FT: Seminal fructose levels in male infertility: relationship with sperm characteristics. Int Urol Nephrol. 1999;31(1):107-11. doi: 10.1023/a:1007136209970. [PubMed:10408311 ]
Buemann B, Gesmar H, Astrup A, Quistorff B: Effects of oral D-tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, on liver metabolism in man as examined by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolism. 2000 Oct;49(10):1335-9. doi: 10.1053/meta.2000.9532. [PubMed:11079825 ]
Williams AC, Ford WC: The role of glucose in supporting motility and capacitation in human spermatozoa. J Androl. 2001 Jul-Aug;22(4):680-95. [PubMed:11451366 ]
Gonzales GF, Villena A: True corrected seminal fructose level: a better marker of the function of seminal vesicles in infertile men. Int J Androl. 2001 Oct;24(5):255-60. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2001.00306.x. [PubMed:11554981 ]
Koca Y, Ozdal OL, Celik M, Unal S, Balaban N: Antioxidant activity of seminal plasma in fertile and infertile men. Arch Androl. 2003 Sep-Oct;49(5):355-9. doi: 10.1080/01485010390219728. [PubMed:12893512 ]
Andrade-Rocha FT: Semen analysis in an infertile man with seminal vesicles cysts associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006;38(1):101-3. doi: 10.1007/s11255-005-0254-9. [PubMed:16502061 ]
Vicari E, La Vignera S, Castiglione R, Calogero AE: Sperm parameter abnormalities, low seminal fructose and reactive oxygen species overproduction do not discriminate patients with unilateral or bilateral post-infectious inflammatory prostato-vesiculo-epididymitis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jan;29(1):18-25. doi: 10.1007/BF03349172. [PubMed:16553029 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
Malik VS, Hu FB: Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health: What the Evidence From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Oct 6;66(14):1615-1624. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.025. [PubMed:26429086 ]
Caliceti C, Calabria D, Roda A, Cicero AFG: Fructose Intake, Serum Uric Acid, and Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Critical Review. Nutrients. 2017 Apr 18;9(4). pii: nu9040395. doi: 10.3390/nu9040395. [PubMed:28420204 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Showing metabocard for D-Fructose (MMDBc0000360)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007fecfcf8b290>

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Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007fecfcf8b290>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007fecfcf8b290>